Role of bile acids in carcinogenesis of pancreatic cancer: An old topic with new perspective

Table 1 Review of the biological effects of bile acids

Ref.	Year	Cell/tissue	Bile acid	Dose	Time	Biological effect
Jean-Louis et al[90]	2006	HCT 116	DCA	500 μmol/L	5, 15, 30 min	Cholesterol aggregation at membrane
					1, 2, 4 h
			DCA	500 μmol/L	1 h	Internalization of caveolin-1
Hirano et al[92]	1991	Gastric mucosal primary culture	DCA		30 min	PKC activation
DeRubertis et al[93]	1987	Colonic epithelial cells	DCA			DAG ↑
Takano et al[94]	1984	Colonic epithelial cells	DCA		2 d	DNA ↑
						ODC ↑
Magnuson et al[95]	1994	In vivo	CA	2% in diet	18 wk	Apoptosis ↓
Garewal et al[96]	1996	Biopsies	DCA	1 mmol/L	30 °C 3 h	Apoptosis ↓
Tucker et al[97]	2004	BxPC3	CDCA, DCA	100 μmol/L	6-12 h	COX-2 ↑
		SU86.86				PGE-2 ↑
Glinghammar et al[98]	2001	HCT 116	Tauro-CDCA	200-1200 μmol/L	15 h	AP-1 ↑, COX-2 ↑, PKC(+), P38(+)
			DCA, CDCA, CA	250 μmol/L
			Butyric acid	0.1-4 mmol/L
		HT 29	DCA	500 μmol/L	24 h	COX-2 ↑, PCNA ↑
Raufman et al[100]	2015	In vivo (Asbt-deficient)				Aberrant crypt foci
Cheng et al[101]	2007	H508	DCT	50 μmol/L	24 h	MMP ↑
Kitamura et al[104]	2015	Primary culture (BK5 erbB2 mice)	TCDC	100 μmol/L	72 h	Cell proliferation ↑, EGFR MAPK Cyclin D1 ↑
		Sk-Ch-A-1	TCDC	10-200 μmol/L	72 h	Cell viability ↑
			CDCA, DCA, TC, TDC	0.5 mmol/L	30 min	p-erbB2, p-EGFR, p-MAPK, p-Akt ↑
			TCDC	500 μmol/L	3 h	HB-EGF ↑
			TCDC	200 μmol/L	60 min	TACE activity ↑
		In vivo (BK5 erbB2 mice)	TCDC	2.5 mmol/L 200 μL	Twice/wk for 20 wk	Skin tumor ↑
Qiao et al[105]	2001	hepatocytes	DCA	50 μmol/L	5 min	EGFR/Ras/MAPK activation
Rao et al[106]	2002	Primary rat hepatocytes	TDCA, TCA, DCA	50 μmol/L	20 min	p-raf-1↑, MEK ↑, ERK ↑
Nagathihalli et al[5]	2014	HCT116, HCA-7, BxPC3, AsPC-1, Capan 2	DCA	300 μmol/L	4 h-6 h	TACE co-localization, TGF-α mRNA ↑

DCA: Deoxycholic acid; CA: Cholic acid; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase.