Prediction of lymph node metastasis and sentinel node navigation surgery for patients with early-stage gastric cancer

Table 1 Published articles which refer to independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis of early gastric cancer after 2001

Ref.	Year	Country	Number of patients	Independent parameters which affect LN metastasis	Odds ratio	95%CI
Folli et al[40]	2001	Japan	m: 285, sm: 215	Tumor size	1.34	1.13-1.59
				Tumor depth (pT1b vs pT1a)	2.29	1.56-3.36
				Histological differentiation (Diffuse vs Intestinal)	5.70	2.88-11.31
				Histological differentiation (Mixed vs Intestinal)	4.19	1.89-9.32
				Kodama Type (Pen A vs Not Pen A)	1.36	1.17-1.58
Amioka et al[26]	2002	Japan	sm: 139	Lymphatic invasion	3.48	1.17-10.40
				VEGF-C (positive vs negative)	4.18	1.38-12.70
Abe et al[41]	2002	Japan	m: 136, sm: 178	Gender (female vs male)	3.23	1.33-7.88
				Tumor size (≥ 20 mm vs < 20 mm)	3.39	1.26-9.13
				Tumor depth (pT1b vs pT1a)	4.94	1.49-16.27
				Lymphovascular invasion	7.54	3.01-19.04
Matsuzaki et al[42]	2003	Japan	sm: 92	Volume of lesions	1.27	2.49-13.51
Abe et al[43]	2003	Japan	sm: 104	Gender (female vs male)	2.90	1.2-6.9
				Tumor depth (pT1b vs pT1a)	29.20	3.9-216.3
				Lymphatic invasion	50.80	8.1-317.3
Song et al[21]	2004	South Korea	m: 120	Lymphatic invasion	21.39	10.41-43.95
				Tumor depth (sm massive vs sm shallow)	2.56	1.30-5.03
Park et al[22]	2004	South Korea	sm: 105	Tumor size (> 40 mm)	4.80	1.05-22.06
				Tumor depth (> 2000 μm)	6.81	1.36-34.17
Hyung et al[44]	2004	South Korea	m: 295, sm: 271	Histological differentiation (Undifferentiated vs Differentiated)	2.28	1.14-4.56
				Tumor size (≥ 20 mm vs < 20 mm)	1.045	1.36-5.93
				Tumor depth (pT1b vs pT1a)	3.68	1.67-8.13
				Lymphovascular invasion	26.56	12.77-55.23
Son et al[45]	2005	South Korea	sm: 248	Lymphatic invasion	21.39	10.41-43.96
				Tumor depth (sm massive vs sm shallow)	2.56	1.30-5.03
Lo et al[46]	2007	Taiwan	m: 272, sm: 203	Lymphovascular invasion	8.61	4.43-16.72
				Tumor depth (pT1b vs pT1a)	3.05	1.47-6.33
				Tumor size	1.68	1.13-2.51
Kunisaki et al[47]	2007	Japan	sm: 615	Tumor size (40 mm < 80 mm vs < 20 mm)	2.71	1.31-5.61
				Tumor size (≥ 80 mm vs < 20 mm)	3.20	1.02-10.09
				Lymphatic invasion	15.92	9.52-26.63
An et al[6]	2007	South Korea	sm: 1043	Tumor size (20 mm < 40 mm vs < 10 mm)	1.88	1.03-3.45
				Tumor size (≥ 40 mm vs < 10 mm)	1.96	1.34-2.88
				Lymphatic invasion	8.41	5.76-12.29
Yi Kim et al[24]	2007	South Korea	m: 9, sm: 51	Lymphatic invasion	8.11	1.61-40.77
				E-Cadherin (abnormal expression vs normal expression)	2.62	0.917-7.457
Li et al[48]	2008	South Korea	m: 356, sm: 270	Tumor size (≥ 20 mm vs < 20 mm)	2.04	1.12-3.73
				Tumor depth (pT1b vs pT1a)	2.84	1.48-5.44
				Lymphovascular invasion	15.11	7.41-30.80
Park et al[49]	2008	South Korea	Only poorly diff.	Tumor depth (500-1000 μm invasion to submucosa)	14.69	2.54-85.09
			adenocarcinoma	Tumor depth (1000-2000 μm invasion to submucosa)	6.20	1.57-24.52
			m: 118, sm: 116	Tumor depth (> 2000 μm invasion to submucosa)	6.37	1.35-30.14
				Tumor size (> 30 mm in diameter )	4.53	1.13-18.20
				Lymphovascular invasion	12.63	4.05-39.37
Shen et al[50]	2009	China	sm: 144	Histological differentiation (Undifferentiated vs Differentiated)	2.70	1.18-6.17
				Tumor size (≥ 20 mm vs < 20 mm)	2.93	1.32-6.54
Morita et al[51]	2009	Japan	sm: 70	Tumor size	1.04	1.01-1.08
				Lymphatic invasion	5.22	1.84-20.74
				VEGF-C (positive vs negative)	3.31	1.00-0.95
Kunisaki et al[52]	2009	Japan	m: 269, sm: 304	Tumor size (≥ 20 mm vs < 20 mm)	3.34	1.39-8.01
				Tumor depth (SM1 vs M)	2.96	1.03-8.52
				Tumor depth (SM2 vs M)	4.53	1.69-12.18
				Lymphovascular invasion	9.37	4.78-18.37
Sung et al[53]	2010	Taiwan	m: 293, sm: 263	Tumor size (≥ 2 mm in diameter vs < 2 cm)	2.28	1.20-4.17
				Lymphatic invasion	27.20	10.3-74.8
				Tumor depth (pT1b vs pT1a)	4.91	2.44-9.89
Lee et al[54]	2010	South Korea	m: 39, sm: 85	Lymphatic invasion	15.33	5.06-46.44
				Tumor size (≥ 30 mm vs < 30 mm)	4.16	1.52-11.45
				Tumor depth (M/SM1 vs SM2/SM3)	3.11	1.21-7.98
				Intratumoral vessel density	3.57	1.20-10.64
Lim et al[55]	2011	South Korea	sm: 163	Lymphovascular invasion	4.57	1.74-12.24
				Macroscopic type (elevated vs flat)	9.09	1.75-50.0
				Macroscopic type (elevated vs depressed)	5.89	1.69-20.0
				Macroscopic type (elevated vs mixed)	20.00	0.00-2.70
Lee et al[56]	2012	South Korea	Only poorly diff.	Tumor size (≥ 20 mm vs < 20 mm)	2.47	1.39-4.40
			adenocarcinoma	Tumor depth (pT1b vs pT1a)	2.42	1.46-3.99
			m: 510, sm: 495	Lymphatic invasion	6.50	4.14-10.19
Ren et al[57]	2013	China	m: 122, sm: 80	Tumor depth (pT1b vs pT1a)	2.74	2.32-3.17
Fujii et al[23]	2013	Japan	sm: 130	Lymphatic invasion	8.07	NA
				Lymphocytic infiltration (absent vs present)	7.94	NA
Shida et al[27]	2014	Japan	sm: 145	Lymphatic invasion	3.11	1.71-5.67
				Vascular invasion	2.44	1.05-5.67
Lee et al[12]	2015	South Korea	m: 847	Tumor size	1.36	1.10-1.69
				Lymphovascular invasion	27.52	7.40-102.20
				Ulceration (present vs absent)	7.54	1.90-29.90
				Undifferntiated type of component (present vs absent)	4.39	1.08-17.89
Park et al[25]	2015	South Korea	sm: 756	Tumor size (≥ 2 cm in diameter vs < 2 cm)	1.57	1.04-2.36
				Tumor depth (sm2 vs sm1)	2.96	1.55-5.64
				Tumor depth (sm3 vs sm1)	2.91	1.61-5.29
				Lymphovascular invasion,	7.45	4.93-11.25
				Negative for EB virus	4.24	1.26-14.32
Feng et al[58]	2016	China	m: 339, sm: 237	Tumor depth	2.94	1.82-4.77
				Ulceration (present vs absent)	2.55	1.21-5.38
				Lymphovascular invasion	4.40	1.19-16.3