Microbiota-based treatments in alcoholic liver disease

Table 3 Microbiota-based treatment with prebiotics and antibiotics in alcoholic liver disease-clinical trial

Patients	Enroll criteria or alcohol amount	Treatment	Results	Ref.
HE	≥ two episodes of overt HE (Conn score ≥ 2)	Rifaximin	Episode of encephalopathy ↓	[16]
[alcohol 140 (46.8%)]	LC (MELD ≤ 25)	(1100 mg/d, for 6 mo)	(HR = 0.42)
Age = 56 ± 10
M/F = 1.2:1
LC with subclinical HE	Psychometric tests	Lactulose (45 mL/d for 8 wk)	Number of the abnormal psychometric test ↓	[80]
[alcohol 36 (48%)]	-Trail making test A
Age = 62.0 ± 7.3	-Wechsler adult intelligence scale		Prevalence of subclinical HE ↓
M/F = 1.2:1	-Symbol digit
	-Block design tests
LC	Laboratory investigations	Norfloxacin (800 mg/d)	Small-intestinal motor activity ↑	[82]
[alcohol 12 (35.3%)]	-Liver biopsy	Neomycin (1500 mg/d) alternating periods of 15 d for 6 mo	Transit time ↓
Age = 57.6	-Endoscopy		Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth ↓
M/F = 0.8:1			Child-Pugh Score ↓
TC	For LC	Rifaximin	Platelet count ↑	[83]
[alcohol 13 (56.5%)]	-Liver biopsy	(1200 mg/d, for 4 wk)	Endotoxin ↓
Age = 58 ± 3	-Laboratory findings		IL-1 ↓
M/F = 11.5:1	For hematological indices		IL-6 ↓
	-Platelet count ≤ 150000/μL		TNF-α↓

HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; IL: Interleukin; LC: Liver cirrhosis; PT: Patient; TC: Thrombocytopenic cirrhosis; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.