Microbiota-based treatments in alcoholic liver disease

Table 1 Microbiota-based treatment with probiotics in alcoholic liver disease - clinical trial

Patients	Enroll criteria or alcohol amount	Treatment	Results	Ref.
Compensated LC	Liver biopsy	Escherichia coli Nissle	Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium sp. ↑	[70]
[alcohol: 22 (56.4%)]	Biochemical study	(2.5-25 × 109 for 42 d)	Proteus hausei and Citrobacter sp. ↓
Age = 53	Endotoxin level		Morganella sp. and endotoxemia ↓
M/F = 1.8:1	Stool microbiota		improvement of liver functions
Alcohol-related psychosis	Consumed 750 mL of Russian vodka (40% ethanol, daily)	Bifidobacterium bifidum	Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli ↑	[71]
[66 (73.3%)]		(0.9 × 108 CFU for 5 d)	AST and ALT ↓
Age = 42.3 ± 1.1		Lactobacillus plantarum 8PA3 (0.9 × 109 CFU for 5 d)
All males
LC	LC	Lactobacillus casei Shirota	Neutrophil phagocytic capacity ↑	[72]
[alcohol: 12 (48%)]		(19.5 × 109 CFU for 28 d)	sTNFR1 ↓
Age = 51.2 ± 1.8			sTNFR2 ↓
M/F = 2:1			IL10 ↓
			TLR4 ↓
AH [60 (51.3%)]	AST/ALT > 1	Lactobacillus subtilis, Streptococcus faecium	Serum LPS level ↓	[74]
Age = 52.7 ± 11.3	AST and ALT level ↑	(1500 mg/d for 7 d)	TNF-α↓
M/F = 5.3:1	Alcohol intake
	> 40 g/d for female
	> 60 g/d for male

LC: Liver cirrhosis; AH: Alcoholic hepatitis; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspirate transaminase; IL: Interleukin; sTNFR: Soluble tumor necrosis factor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; M: Male; F: Female; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; CFU: Colony forming unit.