Personality traits and emotional patterns in irritable bowel syndrome

Table 1 Personality models

Model	Features
Biosocial[21]	Temperament: heritable differences in emotional reactivity and regulation, and in withdrawal/approach behaviors towards environmental stimuli.
	Character: aspects of personality that are shaped by learning and interaction with the environment.
Five factor[23]	Neuroticism: tendency toward negative emotions (anxiety, hostility, depression) with high reactivity to physiological changes, emotional instability, vulnerability to stress, and an inclination toward impulsive behaviors.
	Extraversion: attitude to experience positive emotions, warmth, excitement seeking, and activity.
	Openness to experience: tendencies toward imagination and fantasy, aesthetics, creativity, ideas and values, and thought flexibility.
	Agreeableness: pro-social, altruistic orientation towards others, trust, straightforwardness, and tender-mindedness.
	Conscientiousness: competence, order, self-discipline, and achievement striving.
Alexithymia[25]	A reduced ability to identify, describe and discern subjective emotions and feelings, poor imaginative thought and introspection, and a cognitive style that is concrete and externally oriented.
Type D[26]	Negative affectivity: stable tendency to experience negative emotions (feelings of dysphoria and tension, negative view of self, somatic symptoms, attention bias towards adverse stimuli).
	Social inhibition: stable tendency to inhibit the expression of emotions and behaviors in social interaction (feeling to be inhibited, tense and insecure when with others).