Immunotherapy in human colorectal cancer: Challenges and prospective

Table 2 Completed clinical trials of immunotherapy in human colorectal cancer

Ref.	Clinical phase	No. patients	Clinical setting	Immunotherapy	Comments
Morse et al[93]	II	74	Liver or lung metastases from CRC removed by surgery	PANVAC-V + PANVAC-F + DC/PANVAC-V + PANVAC-F + GM-CSF	Good safety record
Vermorken et al[44]	II and III	254	Colon cancer	Active specific immunotherapy (ASI) with an autologous tumor cell- bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine with surgical resection/resection alone	ASI gave significant clinical benefit in surgically resected patients in stage II colon cancer
	Dukes' stage B2-C3	80	Colon or rectal cancer	ASI with an autologous tumor cell-BCG vaccine	ASI may be beneficial to patients with colon cancer
Hanna et al[94]	Stage II and Stage III		Colon cancer	ASI consisting of autologous tumor cells mixed with BCG (OncoVAX™)	Increase 5-yr survival rate and 5-yr disease-free survival rate, reduce recurrence rate
Marshall et al[95]	Stage IV		Colon cancer	ALVAC-CEA	Safe and can elicit CEA-specific CTL responses
Harris et al[96]	Stage II and stage III	412	Colon cancer	Adjuvant active specific immunotherapy with an autologous tumor cell-BCG vaccine	More beneficial than resection alone