Copyright
©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 7, 2016; 22(25): 5728-5741
Published online Jul 7, 2016. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i25.5728
Published online Jul 7, 2016. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i25.5728
Table 1 Diagnosis methods for hepatopulmonary syndrome
Diagnosis methods | Findings in HPS patients | Limitations | Aims |
Arterial blood gas analysis | AaO2≥ 15 mmHg or ≥ 20 mmHg in patients over 64 years old | Consensus criteria | Diagnosis of HPS |
Invasive | |||
Pulse oximetry | O2 Saturation < 96% or 97% | Low sensitivity | Screening HPS and follow up |
Contrast echocardiography | Bubbles in the left cavities between the fourth and sixth beat | Various agents used | Diagnosis of IPVD |
Transthoracic vs transoesophageal | |||
99mTc-MAA | Cerebral uptake ≥ 6% | Low sensitivity | Diagnosis and quantify of IPVD |
Thoracic X-ray | Interstitial markings | Unspecific | Rule out other concomitant pulmonary diseases |
Thorax CT scan | Measurement of the caliber of the peripheral arteries and the bronchial/arterial relationship | More studies needed | Rule out other concomitant pulmonary diseases |
Vascular patterns | Location of IPVD | ||
Pulmonary arteriography | Vascular patterns | Low sensitivity | Type II HPS suspected |
Invasive | Embolotherapy? | ||
Respiratory function tests | Normal or reduction FVC or FEV1 | Unspecific | Rule out other concomitant pulmonary diseases |
Reduction in DLCOco | Low sensitivity | ||
Laboratory tests | von Willebrand factor antigen elevated | More studies needed | Screening HPS |
- Citation: Grilo-Bensusan I, Pascasio-Acevedo JM. Hepatopulmonary syndrome: What we know and what we would like to know. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(25): 5728-5741
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v22/i25/5728.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i25.5728