Avoiding hepatic metastasis naturally: Lessons from the cotton top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)

Table 1 Comparison of cancer genetics in the cotton top tamarin and human

Stage of neoplasia	Sporadic human CRC	Human IBD-associated CRC	CTT colitis-CRC
Normal-appearing mucosa	APC initiator	Inflammation leading to mutations listed below	No cell line mutations in APC exon 4 and 15[58]
Early adenoma/indefinite dysplasia	Aneuploidy, methylation, Sialyl Tn	Aneuploidy, methylation, Sialyl Tn, MSI	90%diploid; no methylation[59]
Early promotor	MSI; kRAS, COX-2	DCC	kRAS absent[60]
Intermediate adenoma/low-grade dysplasia	c-src	c-src	c-src ND
Intermediate promoter	DCC/DPC4	kRAS	DCC/DPC4 ND; kRAS absent[60]
Late promoter	p53	APC	p53 ND; as above for APC exon 4 and 15[58]

Adapted from Itzkowitz and Harpaz 2004[61]; and Mattar MC, Lough D, Pishvaian MJ, Charabaty A[62]. APC: Adenomatous polyposis coli gene; MSI: Microsatellite instability; DCC: Deleted in colon cancer; kRAS: V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase 2 gene; c-src: Rous sarcoma gene that encodes for usual C-terminal inhibitory phosphorylation site (tyrosine-527); DPC4: Deleted in pancreatic carcinoma, locus 4; p53: Protein 53 kilodaltons; ND: Not done.