Contemporary meta-analysis of short-term probiotic consumption on gastrointestinal transit

Table 2 Study characteristics

Study	Country	Study design	n(active: control)	Transit timeoutcome, method	Probiotic strain	Daily dosage(109 CFU)	Delivery method	Treatmentduration(d)
Agrawal et al[14], 2009	United Kingdom	Parallel groups	17:17	CTT, radiopaque markers	B. lactis DN-173 010	25	Active: Yogurt + probiotic	28
							Control: Nonfermented milk-based product
Bartram et al[15], 1994	Germany	Cross-over	12	OATT, radiopaque markers	B. longum	> 0.5	Active: Yogurt with 2.5 g lactulose + probiotic	21
							Control: Yogurt
Bazzocchi et al[25], 2014	Italy	Parallel groups	19:12	TITT, radiopaque markers	L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, B. longum, B. breve	-	Active: Sachet with psyllium+probiotic	56
							Control: Sachet with 2.8 g maltodextrin
Bouvier et al[16], 2001	France	Parallel groups	36:36	CTT, radiopaque markers	B. lactis DN-173 010	97.5	Active: Probiotic fermented milk	11
							Control: Heat-treated probiotic fermented milk
Holma et al[17], 2010	Finland	Parallel groups	12:10	TITT, radiopaque markers	L. rhamnosus GG	20	Active: Buttermilk + probiotic and white wheat bread	21
							Control: White wheat bread
Hongisto et al[18], 2006	Finland	Parallel groups	16:14	TITT, radiopaque markers	L. rhamnosus GG	15	Active: Yogurt + probiotic and low fiber toast	21
							Control: Low fiber toast
Krammer et al[24], 2011	Germany	Parallel groups	12:12	CTT, radiopaque markers	L. casei Shirota	6.5	Active: Probiotic fermented milk drink	28
							Control: Nonfermented milk drink
Magro et al[26], 2014	Brazil	Parallel groups	26:21	CTT, radiopaque markers	L. acidophilus NCFM, B. lactis HN019	2	Active: Yogurt + polydextrose + probiotic Control: Yogurt	14
Malpeli et al[19], 2012	Argentina	Cross-over	83	OCTT, carmine red dye	B. lactis BB12	2-20	Active: Yogurt with 0.625 g inulin and oligofructose + probiotic	15
					L. casei CRL 431	2-12	Control: Yogurt
Marteau et al[20], 2002	France	Cross-over	32	CTT, radiopaque markers	B. lactis DN-173 010	18.75	Active: Yogurt + probiotic	10
							Control: Yogurt
Merenstein et al[27], 2014	United States	Crossover	68	CTT, radiopaque markers	B. animalis ssp. lactis Bf-6	20-56	Active: Yogurt + probiotic	14
							Control: Yogurt
Rosenfeldt et al[21], 2003a	Denmark	Cross-over	13	GTT, radiopaque markers	L. rhamnosus 19070-2	20	Active: Freeze-dried powder + probiotic	18
					L. reuteri DSM 12246	20	Control: Skimmed milk powder w/dextrose
Rosenfeldt et al[21], 2003b	Denmark	Cross-over	13	GTT, radiopaque markers	L. casei subsp. alactus CHCC 3137	20	Active: Freeze-dried powder + probiotic	18
					L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis CHCC 2329	20	Control: Skimmed milk powder w/dextrose
					L. rhamnosus GG	20
Sairanen et al[22], 2007	Finland	Parallel groups	22:20	CTT, radiopaque markers	B. longum BB536, B. lactis 420	2.4-181	Active: Probiotic fermented milk	21
					L. acidophilus 145	0.48	Control: Fermented milk
Tulk et al[28], 2013	Canada	Crossover	65	GTT, carmine red/carbon black capsules	B. lactis Bb12, L. acidophilus La5, L. casei CRL431	2	Active: Yogurt + probiotic + inulin	15
							Control: Yogurt
Waller et al[23], 2011a	United States	Parallel groups	33:34	WGTT; radiopaque markers	B. lactis HN019	1.8	Active: Capsule, maltodextrin, probiotic	14
							Control: Capsule, maltodextrin
Waller et al[23], 2011b	United States	Parallel groups	33:34	WGTT; radiopaque markers	B. lactis HN019	17.2	Active: Capsule, maltodextrin, probiotic	14
							Control: Capsule, maltodextrin

¹Represents the reported range of total Bifidobacterium. CFU: Colony-forming units; CTT: Colonic transit time; GTT: Gastrointestinal transit time; OATT: Oro-anal transit time; OCTT: Oro-cecal TT; TITT: Total intestinal transit time; WGTT: Whole gut transit time.