Advances in inducing adaptive immunity using cell-based cancer vaccines: Clinical applications in pancreatic cancer

Table 1 Cell-based cancer vaccines

Cell	Antigen source	Ref.
Dendritic cells	Whole tumor cell lysates	[33]
	MHC class I restricted antigenic peptides	[33,56,60,61]
	MHC class I and II restricted antigenic peptides	[31,57,62]
	Dying or dead tumor cells	[34]
	mRNA encoding tumor associated antigens	[35,36]
	cDNA	[37]
	Exosomes	[38]
	Fusions generated with whole tumor cells	[39-43]
Immunogenic whole tumor cells	A GM-CSF-secreting, irradiated, allogeneic PDA cell line	[76-82]
Cancer stem cells	Cancer stem-like cell-associated antigens	[107-109]

GM-CSF: Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; PDA: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; MHC: Major histocompatibility complex.