Urinary nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of a Bangladeshi cohort with hepatitis-B hepatocellular carcinoma: A biomarker corroboration study

Table 3 Comparison of relative signal levels (mean ± SD) of discriminatory metabolites between study cohorts¹

Selected metabolites		Study cohort (number of subjects in group)				P value2
Metabolite	δ/ppm (multiplicity) of peak analysed	CTR (n = 7)	CHB (n = 46)	CIR (n = 47)	HCC (n = 42)
Acetate	1.92 (s)	0.34 ± 0.03	0.57 ± 0.64	1.70 ± 2.14	1.24 ± 1.49	0.007
Carnitine	3.23 (s)	0.57 ± 0.41	0.42 ± 0.22	0.44 ± 0.53	1.19 ± 1.04	0.000
Citrate	2.52 (d)	1.49 ± 0.61	1.35 ± 0.61	1.19 ± 1.21	1.07 ± 0.46	0.005
Creatine	3.03 (s)	1.34 ± 0.35	1.24 ± 0.38	1.07 ± 0.95	1.54 ± 1.82	0.007
Creatinine	3.04 (s)	10.88 ± 1.30	10.06 ± 1.76	7.74 ± 3.00	5.85 ± 1.83	0.000
DMA	2.72 (s)	2.14 ± 0.57	2.11 ± 0.58	1.95 ± 1.21	1.91 ± 0.45	0.022
Formate	8.46 (s)	0.07 ± 0.03	0.07 ± 0.05	0.16 ± 0.16	0.16 ± 0.18	0.059
Glycine	3.56 (s)	1.04 ± 0.39	0.84 ± 0.42	0.74 ± 0.38	0.79 ± 0.63	0.129
Hippurate	7.85 (d)	0.99 ± 0.47	0.85 ± 0.47	0.44 ± 0.35	0.28 ± 0.30	0.000
TMAO	3.27 (s)	1.79 ± 0.44	1.95 ± 0.77	1.62 ± 1.04	1.32 ± 0.75	0.000

¹Percentage normalised metabolite signal level relative to total NMR signal in the region 0.50-9.50 ppm (excluding 4.50-6.40 ppm);

²Significance for independent samples Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test with pairwise multiple comparisons. CTR: Healthy controls; CHB: Chronic hepatitis-B related liver disease; CIR: Cirrhosis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.