Socio-economic status and lifestyle factors are associated with achalasia risk: A population-based case-control study

Table 3 Early life and childhood household factors and achalasia risk n (%)

Risk factors	Achalasia cases	Controls	Unadjusted OR (95%CI)	Adjusted OR1
	n = 151	n = 117		(95%CI)
Occupation class
High	39 (25.8)	45 (38.5)	1	1
Medium	47 (31.1)	32 (27.4)	1.69 (0.91-3.15)	1.75 (0.93-3.29)
Low	55 (36.4)	34 (29.1)	1.87 (1.02-3.42)	1.88 (1.02-3.45)
Unclassified	10 (6.6)	6 (5.1)	1.92 (0.64-5.77)	1.90 (0.59-6.14)
Years in education
< 13 yr	91 (60.3)	64 (54.7)	1	1
≥ 13 yr	60 (39.7)	53 (45.3)	0.80 (0.49-1.30)	0.92 (0.52-1.61)
Smoking status
Non-smoker	91 (60.3)	61 (52.1)	1	1
Former smoker	36 (23.8)	28 (23.9)	0.86 (0.48-1.56)	0.82 (0.44-1.54)
Current smoker	24 (15.9)	28 (23.9)	0.57 (0.30-1.08)	0.47 (0.24-0.92)
Alcohol consumer
No	58 (38.4)	31 (26.5)	1	1
Yes	93 (61.6)	86 (73.5)	0.58 (0.34-0.98)	0.55 (0.32-0.95)
Combined alcohol/smoking status
Non-drinker and Non-smoker	46 (30.5)	20 (17.1)	1	1
Drinks alcohol or ever smoker	57 (37.8)	52 (44.4)	0.48 (0.25-0.91)	0.48 (0.25-0.93)
Drinks alcohol and ever smoker	48 (31.8)	45 (38.5)	0.46 (0.24-0.90)	0.41 (0.21-0.83)
History of foreign travel outside Europe
No	96 (63.6)	58 (49.6)	1	1
Yes	55 (36.4)	59 (50.4)	0.56 (0.34-0.92)	0.59 (0.35-0.99)
Presence of any pets in the house
No	37 (24.5)	44 (37.6)	1	1
Yes	114 (75.5)	73 (62.4)	1.86 (1.10-3.14)	1.92 (1.12-3.31)

¹Adjusted logistic regression model includes age (at interview), sex and socioeconomic status.