Socio-economic status and lifestyle factors are associated with achalasia risk: A population-based case-control study

Table 2 Early life and childhood household factors and achalasia risk n (%)

Early life risk factors	Achalasia cases	Controls	Unadjusted	Adjusted2
	n = 151	n = 117	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)
Number of rooms
< 6	71 (47.0)	54 (46.2)	1	1
≥ 6	80 (53.0)	63 (53.8)	0.97 (0.60-1.57)	0.96 (0.59-1.57)
Number of bedrooms
< 3	35 (23.2)	29 (24.8)	1	1
≥ 3	116 (76.8)	88 (75.2)	1.09 (0.62-1.92)	1.09 (0.61-1.96)
Household density
< 2	55 (36.4)	44 (37.6)	1	1
≥ 2	96 (63.6)	73 (62.4)	1.05 (0.64-1.73)	1.05 (0.64-1.73)
Toilet location
Indoors	85 (56.3)	73 (62.9)	1	1
Outdoor	66 (43.7)	43 (37.1)	1.32 (0.80-2.16)	1.55 (0.85-2.82)
Presence of smokers
No	38 (25.2)	26 (22.2)	1	1
Yes	113 (74.8)	91 (77.8)	0.85 (0.48-1.50)	0.85 (0.48-1.52)
Presence of any pets in the house1
No	36 (23.8)	31 (26.5)	1	1
Yes	115 (76.2)	86 (73.5)	1.15 (0.66-2.31)	1.17 (0.67-2.04)
Occupation of head of household
High	15 (9.9)	18 (15.4)	1	1
Medium	56 (37.1)	40 (34.2)	1.68 (0.76-3.73)	1.70 (0.77-3.79)
Low	78 (51.7)	57 (48.7)	1.64 (0.76-3.53)	1.69 (0.78-3.67)
Unclassified	2 (1.3)	2 (1.7)	1.20 (0.15-9.57)	1.25 (0.15-10.23)
Breastfed
No	63 (41.7)	48 (41.0)	1	1
Yes	61 (40.4)	51 (43.6)	0.91 (0.54-1.55)	0.89 (0.49-1.59)
Unknown	27 (17.9)	18 (15.4)	1.14 (0.56-2.31)	1.12 (0.54-2.31)

¹Compared with no pets present in the childhood house;

²Adjusted logistic regression model includes age (at interview) and sex.