Constipation, hard stools, fecal urgency, and incomplete evacuation, but not diarrhea is associated with diabetes and its related factors

Table 2 Associations between diabetes and bowel symptoms (n = 4738)

GI symptom	Crude OR	P value	Adjusted OR	P value	Adjusted OR	P value
			Model 11		Model 22
Borborygmus	0.81 (0.68-0.96)	0.02	0.93 (0.78-1.11)	0.43	0.94 (0.78-1.14)	0.53
Abdominal distension	1.00 (0.84-1.19)	0.98	1.10 (0.91-1.30)	0.34	1.04 (0.86-1.26)	0.71
Increased flatus	1.14 (0.97-1.33)	0.11	1.12 (0.96-1.32)	0.15	1.15 (0.97-1.37)	0.10
Constipation	1.47 (1.26-1.73)	< 0.001	1.57 (1.33-1.85)	< 0.001	1.43 (1.20-1.70)	< 0.001
Diarrhea	0.88 (0.75-1.04)	0.13	0.98 (0.83-1.15)	0.77	0.97 (0.81-1.17)	0.77
Loose stools	0.96 (0.82-1.13)	0.66	1.06 (0.90-1.25)	0.50	1.02 (0.86-1.23)	0.79
Hard stools	1.57 (1.34-1.84)	< 0.001	1.56 (1.33-1.84)	< 0.001	1.50 (1.26-1.78)	< 0.001
Fecal urgency	1.13 (0.97-1.33)	0.12	1.16 (0.99-1.37)	0.07	1.20 (1.01-1.43)	0.04
Incomplete evacuation	1.11 (0.96-1.30)	0.17	1.16 (1.00-1.36)	0.06	1.16 (0.98-1.37)	0.08

¹Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, current smoker, and alcohol consumption;

²Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption after exclusion of organic disease (n = 4087). The numbers in parentheses represent the 95%CI. GI: Gastrointestinal; OR: Odds ratio.