Predictors of re-bleeding after endoscopic hemostasis for delayed post-endoscopic sphincterotomy bleeding

Table 3 The association between re-bleeding and bleeding stigmata/treatment methods at initial endoscopic treatment for delayed bleeding n (%)

	Re-bleeding	No re-bleeding	P value
	(n = 35)	(n = 126)
Bleeding severity			< 0.001
Mild	1 (2.9)	46 (36.5)
Moderate	15 (42.9)	65 (51.6)
Severe	19 (54.3)	15 (11.9)
Features of ES wound
Active bleeding	27 (77.1)	85 (67.5)	0.271
Non-bleeding visible vessel	4 (11.4)	4 (3.2)	0.047
Non-bleeding adherent clot	4 (11.4)	23 (18.3)	0.517
Non-bleeding red spots	0 (0.0)	14 (11.1)	0.041
Type of endoscopic therapy
Monotherapy	13 (37.1)	59 (46.8)	0.342
Epinephrine injection	7 (20.0)	45 (35.7)	0.102
Thermocoagulation	6 (17.1)	14 (11.1)	0.385
Combination therapy1	22 (65.7)	67 (53.2)	0.342
Thermocoagulation	21 (60.0)	64 (50.8)	0.347
Hemoclipping	0 (0.0)	1 (0.8)	1.000
Thermotherapy + hemoclipping	1 (2.9)	2 (1.6)	1.000

¹Including dilute epinephrine injection plus one of the three types of therapy. ES: Endoscopic sphincterotomy.