Evidence-based medical oncology and interventional radiology paradigms for liver-dominant colorectal cancer metastases

Table 3 Highlights of radiofrequency ablation literature for colorectal liver metastases

Ref.	Level of evidence	Year	Study details	1 yr OS%	3 yr OS%	5 yr OS%	7 yr OS%	10 yr OS%	Median OS (mo)	Procedure-related complications
1Gillams et al[53]	II-2	2004	Prospective, 167 patients	91	28	25			38	< 1% (1/167)
			Percutaneous (ValleyLab)
			Mean 4 lesions
			Mean 4 cm max diameter
Hildebrand et al[108]	II-2	2006	Prospective, 88 pts/420 lesions	92	42				28	3.4% (3/88)
			Percutaneous (RITA/ValleyLab)
			Mean 3.5 lesions
			Median 2.7 cm max diameter
Siperstein et al[109]	II-2	2007	Prospective, 234 patients		20.2	18.4			24	Not reported
			Laparoscopic
			Mean 3 lesions
			Median 4 cm max diameter
Berber et al[110]	II-2	2008	Prospective, 68 pts/68 lesions		20.6	30			20.5	2.9% (2/68)
			Laparoscopic
			All solitary lesions
			Median 3.7 cm max diameter
Veltri et al[111]	II-2	2008	Retrospective, 122 pts/199 lesions	79	38	22			31.5	1% (2/199)
			Percutaneous (RITA/ValleyLab /LeVeen)
			Mean 1.6 lesions
			Median 3 cm max diameter
Gleisner et al[112]	II-2	2008	Prospective, 66 patients	92.3	51.1	28.3			38.1	Not reported
			Intraoperative (RITA)
			Median 2 lesions
			Median 3 cm max diameter
1Gillams and Lees[113]	II-2	2009	Prospective, 309 pts/617 lesions		49	24			36	3.7% (23/617)
			Percutaneous (Covidien/RITA)
			Mean 4 lesions
			Median 2.3 cm max diameter
Sofocleous et al[114]	II-2	2011	Prospective, 56 pts/71 lesions	91	41				31	4% (2/56)
			Percutaneous (LeVeen/Valleylab/RITA)
			Mean 1.4 lesions
			Median 1.9 cm max diameter
Solbiati et al[115]	II-2	2012	Retrospective, 99 pts/202 lesions	98	69.3	47.8	25	18	53.2	1.3% (2/156)
			Percutaneous (Covidien)
			Mean 2 lesions
			Mean 2.1 cm diameter +/- 0.75 cm std deviation
Bale et al[52]	II-2	2012	Retrospective, 63 pts/189 lesions	87	44	27			27 mo for unresectable patients,	17% (17/98)
			Percutaneous (Covidien) with Treon Navigation						58 mo for resectable patients
			Mean 2 lesions						(P = 0.002)
			Mean 2 cm diameter
Hamada et al[116]	II-2	2012	Retrospective 84 pts/141 lesions	90.6	44.9	20.8			34.9	2.2% (3/138)
			Percutaneous (Valleylab)
			Mean 1.7 lesions
			Mean 2.3 cm max diameter +/- 1.4 cm

¹Partially redundant series. Level of Evidence based on the United States Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality Classification of Levels of Evidence. OS: Overall survival.