Learning curve for hand-assisted laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy

Table 1 Comparison of general data for hand-assisted laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy

Cohort	A (n = 20)	B (n = 20)	C (n = 20)	D (n = 20)	E (n = 20)	F (n = 20)	P value
Age (yr), mean ± SD	58.45 ± 7.80	56.45 ± 9.67	57.30 ± 9.89	59.05 ± 11.66	59.65 ± 7.32	59.95 ± 8.51	0.82
Median (range)	60.0 (34-71)	57.0 (40-75)	56.5 (40-72)	63.0 (36-73)	59.5 (41-75)	60.5 (45-75)
Sex (male:female)	12:8	13:7	12:8	11:9	14:6	13:7	0.95
BMI; mean ± SD	24.24 ± 3.15	24.04 ± 2.94	25.47 ± 3.31	25.28 ± 3.59	24.93 ± 3.26	25.30 ± 3.31	0.64
median (range)	24.7 (19.6-32.0)	23.9 (19.0-31.7)	25. 6 (19.9-31.8)	26.2 (19.0-31.5)	25.1 (19.3-31.9)	25.0 (19.5-31.7)
ASA							0.70
I	1	3	2	1	2	3
II	14	9	14	16	14	12
III	5	8	4	3	4	5
Pre-abdominal operation, n (%)	1 (5)	2 (10)	2 (10)	3 (15)	2 (10)	1 (5)	0.89
Size of tumor (cm), mean ± SD	4.57 ± 1.54	4.64 ± 1.49	4.53 ± 1.46	4.66 ± 1.29	4.96 ± 1.41	4.94 ± 1.54	0.89
median (range)	4.6 (2.2-6.8)	5.3 (2.3-6.2)	4.5 (2.4-6.8)	4.4 (2.2-6.7)	5.2 (2.3-6.7)	5.1 (2.2-6.8)
TNM stage (n)							0.99
I	3	2	3	3	2	2
II	3	4	4	3	2	3
IIIA	3	4	3	4	3	5
IIIB	6	4	3	4	5	2
IV	5	6	7	6	8	8
Open conversion	1	0	1	0	0	0	0.54

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI: Body mass index (calculated as kg/m²); TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; HALG: Hand-assisted laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy.