Inhibition of sphingosine kinase 1 ameliorates acute liver failure by reducing high-mobility group box 1 cytoplasmic translocation in liver cells

Figure 3 Immune cell infiltration and tissue damage and HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation in hepatocytes of mice 36 h after D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide challenge. Immune cell infiltration, tissue damage, and HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation in hepatocytes at 6 and 36 h after the onset of acute liver failure were detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining (A-C) and immunohistochemistry (D-F); magnification × 10 or × 20. A and B: Normal mice; C and D: Acute liver failure mice; E and F: DMS-treated mice; G: Percentage of hepatocytes with HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation. χ² = 12.81, ^bP < 0.01, (3.57% ± 0.83%) vs controls (43.72% ± 5.51%). The mean ± SE of three independent experiments is shown (error bar indicates standard error).