Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Pathogenesis, prognostic factors and management

Table 3 Summary of predicting factors

High levels of bilirubin	Gustot et al[148], López-Velázquez et al[206], Cordoba et al[90]
Age and high INR	Shi et al[155], Cordoba et al[90], Garg et al[146], Kumar et al[151], Moreau et al[152]
Decreased serum thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH) levels	Wu et al[207]
Low free T3 levels	Agiasotelli et al[208]
Systemic haemodynamic changes	Garg et al[146]
Iron metabolism and transport	Maras et al[209]
Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NRL)	Lin et al[210], Liu et al[211]
Presence of SIRS	Katoonizadeh et al[177], Thabut et al[108]
Infection and sepsis	Sargenti et al[212], Bruns et al[164], Linderoth et al[213]

No well-established prognostic indicators are available for predicting ACLF outcome. Ambiguity in the diagnostic criteria has limited researches into the identification of clear indicators of severity. According to diverse population under study and definition of the syndrome, different indicators have been proposed. ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure; INR: International normalized ratio.