Nomograms for colorectal cancer: A systematic review

Table 3 Nomograms predicting short-term outcomes of surgery for colorectal cancer

Ref.	Year	Cancer location	Targeted patients	Predicted outcome	Number of patients	C-index	Validation	Calibration	Variables	Comments
Kiran et al[31]	2013	Colorectal	All colorectal surgeries	30-d mortality	30900	0.89	Present	Present	Age, ASA, albumin, functional dependency, renal failure, emergency surgery, disseminated cancer
Hedrick et al[32]	2013	Colorectal	All colorectal surgeries	Superficial SSI, deep incisional SSI, and combination thereof	18403	0.64-0.65	Absent	Present	Diabetes, smoking, disseminated cancer, BMI, open or laparoscopic surgery
de Campos-Lobato et al[33]	2009	Small bowel/colorectal	All colorectal surgeries	Organ space SSI	12373	0.65	Present	Present	Surgical site, smoking, ASA, wound class, diabetes, steroid use, prior surgery, radiotherapy, open or laparoscopic surgery, age, BMI, creatinine, albumin, gender, transfusion, operative time
Frasson et al[34]	2014	Colon	All colorectal surgeries	Anastomotic leakage	3193	0.62-0.63	Absent	Absent	Oral anticoagulants, intraoperative complications, BMI, total protein, gender, No. of beds	Decision-tree diagram was also presented
Yao et al[35]	2014	Rectal	Laparoscopic anterior resection with intracorporeal rectal transection and double-stapling technique anastomosis	Anastomotic leakage	476	0.84	Internal validation	Absent	Cancer location, operative time, preservation of the left colic artery
Russell et al[36]	2013	Rectal/rectosigmoid	Stage I-III	Rate of margin positivity	85190	0.75	Absent	Present	Age, gender, ethnicity, cancer location, TNM stage, tumor size, tumor grade, insurance status, histology

SSI: Surgical site infection; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI: Body mass index; C-index: Concordance index.