Nomograms for colorectal cancer: A systematic review

Table 1 Nomograms predicting stage I-III colorectal cancer oncological prognosis

Ref.	Year	Cancer location	Targeted patients	Predicted outcome	Number of patients	C-index	Validation	Calibration	Variables	Comments
Weiser et al[8]	2008	Colon	Stage I-III	RFS	1320	0.77	Absent	Present	Age, CEA, No. of positive and negative nodes, pT, adjuvant chemotherapy, cancer location, differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion
Segelman et al[9]	2014	Colorectal	Stage I-III	Peritoneal carcinomatosis	8044	0.78-0.80	Absent	Present	Age, cancer location, pT, pN, radicality, type of surgery, preoperative radiotherapy, nodes examined, adjuvant chemotherapy	Only web-calculator was available
Ying et al[10]	2014	Colorectal	Stage I-III	RFS, OS, CSS	205	0.80-0.81	Absent	Absent	Chemotherapy, tumor size, cell differentiation, TNM stage, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
Zhang et al[11]	2013	Colon	Stage II	RFS	735	0.65-0.82	Present	Present	Expression of microRNA, pT, internal obstruction or perforation, nodes examined, tumor grade
Goossens-Beumer et al[12]	2015	Colorectal	Stage II/III	RFS	93	0.80	Present	Present	Expression of microRNA, TNM stage, age, gender
Peng et al[13]	2014	Rectal	Stage II/III	OS, distant metastasis	883	0.68-0.76	Present	Absent	Gender, age, CEA, cancer location, pT, pN, ratio of metastatic lymph nodes, adjuvant chemotherapy, adjuvant chemoradiotherapy
Valentini et al[14]	2011	Rectal	Clinical stage II/III patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy or chemora	OS, local recurrence, distant metastasis	2795	0.68-0.73	Present	Present	pT, cT, pN, age, concomitant and adjuvant chemotherapy, surgical procedure, gender, dose of radiotherapy
van Gijn et al[15]	2015	Rectal	Stage I-III	OS, local recurrence, distant metastasis	2881	0.75-0.79	Absent	Absent	Age, pT, pN, PA-stage, distance, residual cancer, surgical type, gender, radiotherapy, complications

RFS: Recurrence-free survival; OS: Overall survival; CSS: Cancer-specific survival; C-index: Concordance index; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.