Genetic, metabolic and environmental factors involved in the development of liver cirrhosis in Mexico

Table 1 Genetic polymorphisms associated with alcohol dependence, alcohol abuse and liver disease

Gene	Risk allele	Association	Population	Ref.
Alcohol-metabolizing enzymes
CYP2E1	CYP2E1*c2	Higher susceptibility to LC; decompensated liver function	Mexican (Mestizo), West Mexico	[110]
ADH1B	ADH1B*2	Higher risk to LC	Japanese	[111]
ADH1B	ADH1B*1	Alcohol dependence	European, Asian	[112-114]
ALDH2	ALDH2*1	Higher susceptibility to LC	Japanese	[111]
Alcohol dependence genes
DRD2	Taq I A1	Alcohol dependence	European, East Asian	[115]
TAS2R38	AVV haplotype	Higher alcohol intake	Mexican, (Mestizo), West Mexico	[39]
Lipid metabolism
APOE	APOE*2	Hypertriglyceridemia and increased development of early LC	Mexican (Mestizo), West Mexico	[36]
FABP2	Ala54	Earlier onset of LC	Mexican (Mestizo), West Mexico	[116]
PNPLA3	M148	Alcoholic liver disease and clinically evident LC	Mixed European and Native American, Mexico City	[117,118]
PPAR-γ2	Ala12	Increased risk to develop severe steatohepatitis and fibrosis	German	[119]
Immune response
TNF-α	-238 A	Higher prevalence of LC	Spanish	[120]
NF-ΚB	ATTG deletion	Higher prevalence of LC	Spanish	[121]
CXCL1	rs4074 A	Higher prevalence of LC	German	[122]
CD14	-159 T	Advanced liver disease, hepatitis and especially with LC	Finnish	[123,124]

LC: Liver cirrhosis.