Cancer immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer utilizing α-gal epitope/natural anti-Gal antibody reaction

Figure 4 Increased immunogenicity of known and unknown tumor-associated antigens and MUC1 engineered to express α-gal epitopes. Immunity towards known and unknown tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), including MUC1, in PDAC patients is relatively weak, and presentation of these TAAs to the immune system is poor due low immunogenicity. We tested the effects of vaccination using immunogenetically enhanced known and unknown TAAs and MUC1 with expression of α-gal epitopes on production of antibodies for MUC1 and other TAAs derived from PDAC cells, as well as induction of tumor-specific T cell activation.