Are faecal markers good indicators of mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease?

Table 2 Studies investigating the correlation between faecal lactoferrin concentrations and endoscopic activity in subjects with inflammatory bowel diseases

Ref.	Number of participants		Population	Endoscopic index used	Endoscopic indexcut off	Faecal lactoferrincut off (μg/mL)	Outcome measures				Correlation
	CD	UC					Sensitivity	Specificity	PPV	NPV	r value	P value
Crohn’s disease studies
Sipponen et al[17]	19		Adults	SES-CD	≤ 2	< 7.25	-	80%	-	-	-	-
Pfefferkorn et al[38]	54		Paediatrics	Unique score		≥ 7.25	100%	43%	70%	100%	-	< 0.001
						≥ 60	84%	74%	81%	77%
Sipponen et al[18]	61		Adults	SES-CD (total)	≤ 3	< 7.25	-	-	-	-	0.705%	< 0.001
				SES-CD (colon)	≤ 3	< 7.25	-	-	-	-	0.627%	< 0.001
				SES-CD (ileal)	≤ 3	< 7.25	-	-	-	-	0.18%	> 0.05
Sipponen et al[19]	15		Adults	CDEIS	≤ 2	< 10	77%	100%	100%	58%	0.865%	< 0.001
Sipponen et al[20]	77		Adults	CDEIS	≤ 2	< 10	66%	92%	94%	59%	0.773%	< 0.001
						< 7.25	71%	83%	89%	60%
Jones et al[24]	164		Adults	SES-CD	≤ 6	< 7.25	-	-	-	-	0.48%	< 0.05
Langhorst et al[23]	43		Adults	SES-CD		> 7.25	81.8%	60%	87.1%	50%	0.42%	< 0.01
						> 7.05	81.8%	60%	87.1%	50%
Schoepfer et al[22]	36		Adults	SES-CD	≤ 19	7	-	-	-	-	-	< 0.0001
Schoepfer et al[26]	24		Adults	SES-CD	≤ 19	< 7	-	-	-	-	-	0.0008
D'Incà et al[28]	31		Adults	SES-CD			-	-	-	-	0.192%	0.545
Mixed inflammatory bowel disease population studies
Vieira et al[30]	38	40	Adults	CDEIS; Mayo	≤ 2; ≤ 2	4-8	93.2%	76.5%	83.7%	89.7%	-	0
Schoepfer et al[22]	36	28	Adults	SES-CD; Rachmilewitz	≤ 19; ≤ 4	7	-	-	-	-	-	< 0.0001
Silberer et al[32]	21	18	Adults	Stange		6.64	33.3%	95%	-	-	-	0.0059
Ulcerative colitis studies
Langhorst et al[23]		42	Adults	Mayo		> 7.25	88.9%	66.7%	82.8%	76.9%	0.56%	< 0.001
						> 7.05	92.6%	66.7%	83.3%	83.3%
Schoepfer et al[22]		28	Adults	Rachmilewitz	≤ 4	7	-	-	-	-	-	0.078
Schoepfer et al[26]		12	Adults	Rachmilewitz	≤ grade 1	< 7	-	-	-	-	-	0.7815
D'Incà et al[28]		46	Adults	Mayo			-	-	-	-	0.354%	0.023

CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; SES-CD: Simple endoscopic score for Crohn’s disease[54]; CDEIS: Crohn’s disease endoscopic index of severity[55]; Mayo: Mayo endoscopic sub-scoring of ulcerative colitis[56]; Rachmilewitz: Rachmilewitz endoscopic score[57]; Stange: Non-standard endoscopic scoring system[59,60].