Immunogenicity and mechanisms impairing the response to vaccines in inflammatory bowel disease

Table 2 Vaccines recommended in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and mechanisms associated with impaired response in these patients

Vaccine	Immunogen	Impaired response	Factors associated with a lower response	Mechanisms associated with lower immunogenicity
HBV	Recombinant protein	Yes	Age[20,21,23], immunosuppressive or anti-TNF therapy[20,21,23]	Not described
HPV	Recombinant protein	No	-	-
Influenza	Inactivated virus	Yes	Immunosuppressive therapy[8]	Not described
Pneumococcus	Polysaccharides	Yes	Immunosuppressive and/or anti-TNF therapy[9,10,55]	Conflicting results about memory B cells[60,62]
Tetanus	Inactivated toxoid	Unclear	None described	Defects in the development of IgG-secreting plasma cells[65]
Measles-mump-rubella	Live attenuated virus	No	-	-
Varicella	Live attenuated virus	No	-	-
Herpes zoster	Live attenuated virus	No	-	-

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HPV: Human papillomavirus; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.