Three-dimensional vs two-dimensional video assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy for patients with esophageal cancer

Table 1 Patient demographics n (%)

	3D-VATEn = 45	2D-VATEn = 48	P value
Age (yr)	63.8 ± 10.2	65.1 ± 9.8	0.55
Gender			0.66
Male	29 (64.4)	34 (70.8)
Female	16 (35.6)	14 (29.2)
Functional status			0.25
Independence	44 (97.8)	47 (97.9)
Partial dependence	1 (2.2)	0 (0)
Complete dependence	0 (0)	1 (2.1)
Weight loss1	13 (28.9)	11 (22.9)	0.64
Smoking2	7 (15.6)	9 (18.8)	0.91
Use of AAS	0 (0)	1 (2.1)	1
LEVF%	68.7 ± 1.5	68.6 ± 1.5	0.73
FS%	39.3 ± 2.3	39.5 ± 2.0	0.7
Hypertension	10 (22.2)	19 (39.6)	0.078
Renal failure	0 (0)	2 (4.2)	0.5
Dialysis	0 (0)	1 (2.1)	1
Ascites	1 (2.2)	1 (2.1)	0.96
Esophageal varices	0 (0)	1 (2.1)	1
Preoperative chemotherapy	8 (17.8)	9 (18.8)	1
Preoperative radiation	12 (26.7)	13 (27.1)	1
Prior operation	0 (0)	1 (2.1)	1

¹Weight loss > 10% over 6 mo;

²Smoking over the past year. Prior operation within 30 d. AAS: Anabolic-androgenic steroids; LEVF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; FS: Fraction shortening; VATE: Video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy; 3D: Three-dimensional; 2D: Two-dimensional.