Novel 3-dimensional virtual hepatectomy simulation combined with real-time deformation

Figure 4 Pictures for comparisons between a virtual hepatectomy and an actual hepatectomy. The positional relationship of the exposed portal veins and the hepatic veins on the raw surface of the liver is consistent with the virtual hepatectomy using Liversim. A: Case 1, a lateral sectionectomy, is displayed. There was no obvious discrepancy (e.g., in the emergence of P3 (G3) and P2 (G2) or the depth and direction of the resection line) during the resection process between our simulation and the actual surgery; B: Case 2 underwent an extended left hepatectomy, as shown. A good resemblance can be observed between the positional relationship of the exposed V5 and V8 shown in the 3D simulation and observed during the actual hepatectomy. P3: The segment 3 portal branch; P2: The segment 2 portal branch; G3: The segment 3 glissonean pedicle; G2: The segment 2 glissonean pedicle; V5: The hepatic venous branches that drain segment 5; V8: The hepatic venous branches that drain segment 8.