Novel 3-dimensional virtual hepatectomy simulation combined with real-time deformation

Figure 1 Three-dimensional tetrahedral meshed model of a liver. A: The liver, inferior vena cava, tumor and gallbladder models were converted into tetrahedral meshed models and considered in the calculation of the physical simulation via the finite element method; B, C: The vessel surface models were placed inside the liver model, and their positions changed according to the deformation of the liver model.