Recent advances in the molecular diagnostics of gastric cancer

Table 1 Genes upregulated in gastric cancer

Symbol (location)	Biological function	Materials	Detection methods	Pt	Survival	Relevant clinical factors	Functional analyses	Interacting molecules	In vivo study	Ref.
Early detection
ERCC5 (13q33)	DNA repair	Tissue	IHC	176	OS	Depth, smoking, Helicobacter pylori	-	-	-	[27]
IFITM1 (11p15.5)	Interferon induced transmembrane protein	Tissue	IHC	151	-	Differentiation	Migration, invasion	-	-	[21]
MMP-9 (20q13.12)	Breakdown of extracellular matrix	Tissue, Circulating	IHC, ELISA	45	-	N, stage	-	-	-	[40]
PTTG1 (5q35.1)	Homolog of yeast securin proteins	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	98	OS	-	-	-	-	[43]
STC1 (8p21.2)	Regulation of renal and intestinal calcium and cell metabolism	Tissue, circulating	IHC, ELISA	83	PFS	N, stage	-	-	-	[30]
Monitoring recurrences
CD147 (19p13.3)	Plasma membrane protein involved in spermatogenesis	Tissue	IHC	223	OS, RFS	Depth, N, stage	-	-	-	[26]
CEACAM6 (19q13.2)	Cell adhesion	Tissue	IHC	106	-	T, N, vascular invasion	-	HER2	-	[28]
ERBB3 (12q13)	Epidermal growth factor receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	167	OS, RFS	Depth	-	IGF-1R, EphA2	-	[29]
NUAK1 (12q23.3)	Regulator of whole-body and cellular energy homeostasis	Tissue	IHC	117	OS, RFS	Differentiation, depth, N, stage	-	-	-	[37]
SULF1/2 (8q13.2)	Extracellular heparan sulfate endosulfatase	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	450	OS, RFS	Size, depth, N, stage	Proliferation	-	Yes	[20]
Prediction of survival
B7-H4 (1p13.1)	Cell surface protein interacting with ligand bound to T cell receptors	Circulating	ELISA	132	OS	Size, depth, N, stage	-	-	-	[35]
CCND1 (11q13)	Regulators of cell cycles via CDK kinases	Tissue	IHC	211	OS	Age	-	-	-	[42]
DPYSL3 (5q32)	Cell-adhesion factor involved in the metastatic process of tumor cells	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	238	OS, RFS	Differentiation, depth, N, CY, stage	-	VEGF, FAK, EZR	-	[33]
IL-17 (6p12)	Proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated T cells	Tissue, circulating	IHC, ELISA	50	-	N, stage	-	-	-	[22]
KDM4A (1p34.1)	Trimethylation-specific demethylase	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	123	OS, RFS	N, stage	Proliferation, apoptosis	-	-	[32]
MAGED2 (Xp11.2)	Unknown	Tissue, Circulating	QPCR, IHC	225	OS, RFS	N, stage	-	-	-	[44]
MYCL1 (1p34.2)	Transcription factor involved in cell differentiation and apoptosis	Tissue	IHC	176	OS	Age, differentiation, stage	-	-	-	[39]
NEDD4 (15q)	Regulation of degradation of epithelial sodium channel	Tissue	IHC	214	OS	Depth, N, stage	Migration, invasion	-	-	[36]
S100A6 (1q21)	Regulation of cell cycle progression and differentiation	Circulating	ELISA	103	OS	Vascular invasion, perineural invasion, N, stage	Proliferation, invasion, apoptosis	-	Yes	[38]
SATB1 (3p23)	Matrix protein which binds nuclear matrix and scaffold-associated DNAs	Tissue	IHC	175	OS, RFS	Age, N	-	-	-	[31]
SERPINA1 (14q32.1)	Serine protease inhibitor	Tissue	QPCR, IHC	400	OS	Age, size, depth, N	Migration, invasion	MMP8	-	[34]
XPO1 (2p15)	Mediator of leucine-rich nuclear export signal-dependent protein	Tissue	IHC	120	OS, PFS	HER2, CEA, stage	-	-	-	[25]
YBX1 (1p34)	Modulator of gene transcription and protein translation	Tissue	IHC	167	-	N, perforation	Migration, invasion	-	-	[41]
Prediction of treatment response
BMP4 (14q22-23)	Endochondral bone formation	Tissue	IHC	197	OS	Chemoresistance	-	EMT	-	[24]
TUBB3 (16q24.3)	Formation of microtubules	Circulating	ELISA	128	OS	Sex, chemoresistance	-	-	-	[23]

Pt: Number of patients enrolled in expression analysis; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; QPCR: Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; OS: Overall survival; RFS: Recurrence free survival; PFS: Progression free survival; N: Lymph node metastasis.