Carvedilol may attenuate liver cirrhosis by inhibiting angiogenesis through the VEGF-Src-ERK signaling pathway

Figure 1 Effect of carvedilol on human umbilical vascular endothelial cell proliferation. Subconfluent cultures of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of carvedilol (0.01-40 μmol/L), and the extent of cell proliferation was measured by cholecystokinin-8 assay. The values are the means of three independent experiments.