Technical skills and training of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for new beginners

Figure 16 Intubation from stomach to duodenal bulb. A: Gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). In absence of hiatal hernia, the GEJ lies next to the cardia; B: Gastric cardia observed in retroflexion of the scope. Likewise, in the absence of hiatal hernia, the gastric cardia is located next to the gastroesophageal junction; C: Gastric angle. If the distal tip of the scope is deflected upward in the distal antrum, the gastric angle (arrow marks) in an arched shape will be observed; D: Pyloric ring. The pyloric ring is usually observed to have a circular shape (arrow mark); E: Gastric fold. For a patient who does not have a severe case of atrophic gastritis, the gastric fold serves as a landmark to distinguish the body of stomach from the antrum of stomach.