Liver fat deposition and mitochondrial dysfunction in morbid obesity: An approach combining metabolomics with liver imaging and histology

Table 2 Selected variables to explore metabolic changes and anti-oxidative or anti-inflammatory effects prior to and one year after surgery

	Before surgery	After surgery	P value
BMI, kg/m2	45.4 (44.1-47.0)	32.3 (30.1-35.4)	< 0.001
Liver steatosis, %	30 (5-55)	6 (0-15)	< 0.001
Glucose, mmol/L	7.9 (6.7-10.1)	5.4 (4.6-6.2)	< 0.001
Insulin, pmol/L	114.2 (86.3-166.8)	66.9 (58.0-70.1)	< 0.001
HOMA2-IR	4.73 (1.85-10.67)	1.95 (1.30-5.80)	< 0.001
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.93 (4.59-5.24)	4.28 (4.05-4.87)	< 0.001
Triglycerides, mmol/L	1.76 (1.12-2.42)	1.08 (0.85-1.38)	< 0.001
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/ L	1.06 (0.94-1.23)	1.31 (1.02-1.44)	< 0.001
NEFAs, mmol/L	1.08 (0.85-1.48)	0.80 (0.61-0.96)	< 0.050
Bilirubin, mmol/L	8.2 (5.1-9.1)	9.1 (7.2-8.5)	NS
ALP, μKat/L	0.82 (0.70-1.1)	0.65 (0.54-0.92)	< 0.050
AST, μKat/L	1.03 (0.37-1.24)	0.82 (0.24-1.14)	NS
ALT, μKat/L	0.52 (0.43-1.25)	0.45 (0.33-0.97)	NS
GGT, μKat/L	0.34 (0.24-1.08)	0.30 (0.20-0.95)	NS
Amylase, μKat/L	0.67 (0.54-0.84)	0.42 (0.33-0.65)	< 0.050
Paraoxonase, U/L	214 (160-410)	360 (200-405)	< 0.050
Leptin, ng/mL	32.5 (21.2-40.1)	9.2 (6.3-11.1)	< 0.001
Adiponectin, ng/mL	4.2 (2.1-5.9)	7.5 (4.9-8.2)	< 0.001
Interleukin 6, pg/mL	0.52 (0.21-0.75)	0.43 (0.12-0. 59)	NS
Interleukin 8, pg/mL	1.86 (1.45-2.15)	1.42 (1.22-1.65)	NS
TNF-α, pg/mL	6.21 (4.35-7.82)	5.12 (3.95-7.36)	< 0.050
CCL2, pg/mL	510 (425-590)	395 (280-430)	< 0.001
Hs-CRP, mg/L	4.6 (1.5-7.2)	1.1 (0.3-1.67)	< 0.001

We only included participants with a complete dataset (n = 19). Values are expressed as median (interquartile range); AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HOMA2-IR: Homeostatic model assessment index; NEFAs: Non-esterified fatty acids; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; CCL2: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; Hs-CRP: High sensitivity C-reactive protein.