Associations of sense of coherence with psychological distress and quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Socio-demographic profile, clinical variables, sense of coherence, anxiety and depression symptoms and health-related quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease patients and comparisons between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis n (%)

	Total (n =147)	CD (n = 64)	UC (n = 83)	CD vs UC (P value)
Demographic
Sex				0.8851
Male	63 (42.9)	27 (42.2)	36 (43.4)
Female	84 (57.1)	37 (57.8)	47 (56.6)
Race				0.2181
Latin/Mixed-race	96 (65.3)	44 (68.8)	52 (62.7)
White	36 (24.5)	16 (25.0)	20 (24.1)
Black	9 (6.1)	3 (4.7)	6 (7.2)
Asian	5 (3.4)	0 (0)	5 (6.0)
Indian	1 (0.7)	1 (1.6)	0 (0)
Age	45.1 ± 14.1	43.9 ± 14.9	46.1 ± 13.9	0.3502
Years of education	8.4 ± 4.9	8.1 ± 4.9	8.5 ± 5.1	0.6272
Marital status
With spouse/partner	98 (66.7)	46 (71.9)	52 (62.7)	0.2391
Gross monthly Income (USD)	482.9 ± 560.0	487.6 ± 665.2	479.3 ± 467.4	0.9302
Clinical
Time since diagnosis (mo)	80.5 ± 71.8	79.7 ± 73.9	81.0 ± 70.6	0.9142
Relapse rate				0.0231
Low (0-2 in 2 yr)	53 (36.3)	23 (36.5)	30 (36.1)
Moderate (3-5 in 2 yr)	61 (41.8)	20 (31.7)	41 (49.4)
High (≥ 6 in 2 yr)	32 (21.9)	20 (31.7)	12 (14.5)
Surgery for IBD	26 (17.7)	20 (31.3)	6 (7.2)	< 0.0011
CDAI, mean ± SD	NA	64.75 ± 43.57	NA
TWT, mean ± SD	NA	NA	7.53 ± 1.61
Disease in remission	90 (61.2)	62 (96.9)	28 (33.7)	< 0.0011
Psychological
SOC	138.4 ± 24.8	138.6 ± 23.2	138.2 ± 26.1	0.9232
Anxiety symptoms (HADS-A)	5.58 ± 4.30	6.00 ± 4.06	5.26 ± 4.47	0.3022
Depressive symptoms (HADS-D)	5.27 ± 3.78	5.00 ± 3.83	5.48 ± 3.74	0.4452
HADS-A ≥ 8 (anxiety)	37 (25.2)	21 (32.8)	16 (19.3)	0.0611
HADS-D ≥ 8 (depression)	36 (24.5)	15 (23.4)	21 (25.3)	0.7941
HRQoL
Overall HRQoL	3.88 ± 0.81	3.94 ± 0.75	3.84 ± 0.85	0.4852
Satisfaction with Health	3.59 ± 0.96	3.34 ± 1.10	3.78 ± 0.80	0.0082
Physical HRQoL	3.48 ± 0.64	3.42 ± 0.60	3.54 ± 0.67	0.2722
Mental HRQoL	3.82 ± 0.67	3.68 ± 0.61	3.92 ± 0.71	0.0302
Social Relations HRQoL	3.90 ± 0.74	3.98 ± 0.74	3.83 ± 0.74	0.2342
Environment HRQoL	3.38 ± 0.53	3.41 ± 0.54	3.36 ± 0.53	0.5542

Data are presented as mean ± SD for continuous variables and as n (%) for categorical variables; remission was defined according to CDAI (< 150) and TWT (≤ 6) scores, accordingly;

¹χ² test;

²Two-tailed t-test. NA: Not applicable; CDAI: Crohn's disease activity index; TWT: Truelove-Witts ulcerative colitis severity index; HRQoL: Health-related quality of life; SOC: Sense of coherence; UC: Ulcerative Colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease.