Cholecystectomy is independently associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an Asian population

Table 5 Univariate and multivariate analyses for the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease according to gallstone disease status in subjects in whom fasting insulin testing was performed

Variable	Univariate model		Age, sex-adjusted model		Multivariate model 11		Multivariate model 22
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Gallstone disease
Control (n = 8049)	1		1		1		1
Gallstone disease (n = 573)	1.67 (1.41-1.99)	< 0.001	1.51 (1.26-1.82)	< 0.001	1.27 (1.03-1.58)	0.029	1.25 (1.00-1.55)	0.052
Cholecystectomy
Control	1		1		1		1
Cholecystectomy (n = 196)	1.76 (1.32-2.35)	< 0.001	1.59 (1.17-2.16)	0.003	1.45 (1.01-2.07)	0.044	1.45 (1.01-2.08)	0.045
Gallstones
Control	1		1		1		1
Gallstones (n = 377)	1.63 (1.32-2.01)	< 0.001	1.48 (1.18-1.85)	0.001	1.18 (0.91-1.54)	0.21	1.14 (0.87-1.50)	0.336

¹The multivariate model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, total cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;

²The multivariate model 2 was adjusted for multivariate model 1 in addition to insulin resistance as assessed by HOMA-IR. NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; IR: Insulin resistance; OR: Odds ratio; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance.