Cholecystectomy is independently associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an Asian population

Table 4 Comparison of characteristics between subjects who underwent fasting insulin testing and those who did not

	Fasting insulin absent (n = 8990)	Fasting insulin available (n = 8622)	P value
Age (yr)	45.8 ± 11.8	51.2 ± 9.9	< 0.001
Male	4808 (46.5)	4748 (55.1)	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	82.8 ± 8.3	83.3 ± 8.1	< 0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)	23.0 ± 3.1	23.1 ± 3.0	0.167
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	113.2 ± 14.2	114.3 ± 14.6	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	73.3 ± 11.3	73.9 ± 11.3	0.020
Hypertension	1300 (14.5)	1721 (20.0)	< 0.001
Diabetes	356 (4.0)	515 (6.0)	< 0.001
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (IU/L)	30.1 ± 30.7	30.3 ± 39.0	0.732
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L)	23.1 ± 19.4	23.5 ± 20.0	0.142
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L)	21.8 ± 12.4	22.6 ± 11.8	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	193.0 ± 33.3	195.6 ± 34.1	< 0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	105.0 ± 70.2	102.5 ± 65.5	0.017
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	55.0 ± 12.0	55.0 ± 12.5	0.693
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	95.4 ± 14.9	95.6 ± 16.9	0.606
HbA1c (%)	5.77 ± 0.51	5.84 ± 0.56	< 0.001
NAFLD	2619 (29.1)	2718 (31.5)	0.001
Gallstone	336 (3.7)	377 (4.4)	0.033
Cholecystectomy	160 (1.8)	196 (2.3)	0.020
Gallstone disease	496 (5.5)	573 (6.6)	0.002
Smoking			< 0.001
Never-smoker	5300 (59.0)	5365 (62.2)
Current smoker	1440 (16.0)	1093 (12.7)
Ex-smoker	2250 (25.0)	2164 (25.1)
Regular physical activity	5559 (61.8)	6049 (70.2)	< 0.001

Data are presented as the mean ± SD or n (%). NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; IR: Insulin resistance.