Hepatitis B virus infection, diabetes mellitus, and their synergism for cholangiocarcinoma development: A case-control study in Korea

Table 1 Comparison of risk factors in patients with cholangiocarcinoma and matched controls n (%)

Variable	CCA patient (n = 276)	Control (n = 552)	Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis
			OR (95%CI)	P value	AOR (95%CI)	P value
Cigarette smoking	84 (30.4)	157 (28.4)	1.14 (0.79-1.66)	0.487	-	-
< 20 pack-years1	35 (12.7)	53 (9.6)	1.39 (0.85-2.27)	0.191	-	-
≥ 20 pack-years	49 (17.8)	104 (18.8)	1.01 (0.66-1.55)	0.972	-	-
Heavy alcohol consumption2	35 (12.7)	50 (9.1)	1.53 (0.94-2.51)	0.088	1.45 (0.82-2.55)	0.199
Obesity3	64 (23.2)	134 (24.3)	0.94 (0.66-1.33)	0.722	-	-
Cholecystolithiasis	47 (17.0)	42 (7.6)	2.34 (1.52-3.61)	< 0.001	1.74 (1.04-2.90)	0.035
Choledocholithiasis	34 (12.3)	7 (1.3)	13.31 (5.20-34.07)	< 0.001	12.35 (4.31-35.38)	< 0.001
Hepatolithiasis	20 (7.2)	1 (0.2)	20.00 (4.68-85.57)	< 0.001	39.87 (7.25-219.17)	< 0.001
Cholecystectomy	17 (6.2)	23 (4.2)	1.49 (0.79-2.82)	0.216	-	-
Ulcerative colitis	2 (0.7)	3 (0.5)	1.33 (0.22-7.98)	0.753	-	-
Alcoholic liver disease	14 (5.1)	26 (4.7)	1.08 (0.55-2.13)	0.816	-	-
Thyroid disease	6 (2.2)	22 (4.0)	0.51 (0.20-1.31)	0.164	-	-
Chronic pancreatitis	1 (0.4)	5 (0.9)	0.40 (0.05-3.42)	0.403	-	-
Hypertension	113 (40.9)	254 (46.0)	0.80 (0.59-1.08)	0.150	-	-
Diabetes mellitus	65 (23.6)	69 (12.5)	2.22 (1.51-3.28)	< 0.001	2.55 (1.66-3.91)	< 0.001
Without complications	36 (13.0)	47 (8.5)	1.82 (1.12-2.96)	0.015	2.20 (1.30-3.70)	0.003
With complications4	29 (10.5)	22 (4.0)	2.98 (1.67-5.32)	< 0.001	3.25 (1.69-6.25)	< 0.001
HBV infection	28 (10.1)	18 (3.3)	3.34 (1.80-6.19)	< 0.001	4.12 (2.01-8.44)	< 0.001
HCV infection	11 (4.0)	13 (2.4)	1.69 (0.76-3.78)	0.199	-	-
Liver fluke infestation	6 (2.2)	4 (0.7)	3.00 (0.85-10.63)	0.089	3.49 (0.86-14.07)	0.079

¹One pack-year = 1 pack per day for a year;

²Daily amount of ≥ 80 g (male) or ≥ 40 g (female);

³Obesity was defined as a body mass index > 25 kg/m² according to the Asian-Pacific criteria for obesity;

⁴Any stage of retinopathy, nephropathy or macrovascular complications. CCA: Cholangiocarcinoma; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio.