Outcome and costs of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy during the initial learning curve vs laparotomy

Table 2 Postoperative characteristics

Characteristic	TLPD	OPD	P value
Operative time (min)	513.17 ± 56.13	371.67 ± 85.53	< 0.001
Perioperative transfusion needed, n	0	1	1
No. of lymph nodes harvested	8.67 ± 1.71	9.58 ± 2.21	0.102
Return of bowel sounds (d)	2.03 ± 0.55	3.83 ± 0.59	< 0.001
Exhaustion (d)	4.17 ± 0.75	5.37 ± 0.81	< 0.001
VAS score	3.50 ± 9.70	4.47 ± 1.11	0.010
LOS (d)	9.97 ± 3.74	11.87 ± 4.72	0.002
Surgery-related morbidity, n
Pneumonia	3	5	0.704
Intra-abdominal abscess	0	1	1.000
Postpancreatectomy hemorrhage	1	1	1.000
Biliary leak	1	0	1.000
Pancreatic fistula	10	6	0.099
A	9	3	0.053
B	0	2
C	1	1
Delayed gastric emptying, n	2	3	1.000
MODS, n	0	1	1.000
Mortality, n	0	1	1.000

LOS: Length of hospital stay; MODS: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; OPD: Open pancreaticoduodenectomy; TLPD: Total laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy; VAS: Visual analogue score.