Comparison of the efficacy and safety of sedation between dexmedetomidine-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil during endoscopic submucosal dissection

Figure 1 Changes of hemodynamic variables and SpO₂ during endoscopic submucosal dissection. T0, just before the procedure; T1, 1 min after induction of sedation (1 min after a 5 min loading of dexmedetomidine in the DR group and 1 min after the propofol bolus injection in the PR group); T2, as the endoscope was passed into the esophagus; T3, as the endoscope marked the tumor region; T4, 5 min after epinephrine injection was given in the gastric submucosa; T5, at dissection of the gastric tumor region from the gastric submucosa; T6, once bleeding control was reached at the gastric bed; T7, and at the end of the procedure. HR: Heart rate; SpO₂: Oxygen saturation; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure.