To be or not to be: The host genetic factor and beyond in Helicobacter pylori mediated gastro-duodenal diseases

Figure 2 Signaling molecules and pathway elicited by Helicobacter pylori virulence factors are illustrated. A-D: Depicts signaling pathway elicited by Cag A, OipA, PGN and LPS respectively. Cag A: Cytotoxin; PGN: Peptidoglycan; LPS: Lipopolysaccheride; PTPN11: Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11; TLR: Toll like receptor; GRB2: Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; SOS: Son of sevenless homolog; NFkB: Nuclear factor kappa beta; TIRAP: Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein; MYD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; IRAK4: Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor; MAP3K7: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7; NOD1: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1.