Health care-associated hepatitis C virus infection

Table 2 Cases of transmission of hepatitis C virus from health care workers to patients reported in the literature between 1991 and 2005

Year of identification of the index case	Country	Occupation of HCW	Infected patients (n)	Infected (in case of look-back study)	Risk factor(s) identified	Ref.
1991	United States	Technician of an ambulatory surgical center	Approximately 40	NA	IDU	[74]
1992-1994	Spain	Cardiothoracic surgeon	5	2.25%	EPPs (cardiac valve replacement)	[75]
1994	United Kingdom	Cardiothoracic surgeon	1	0.36%	EPPs	[76]
1996	United States	Anesthesiologist	1	0.28%	Probable IDU	[77]
					Contaminated by another patient
1996	France	Not precised for confidentiality reasons	1	NA	EPPs (coronary artery replacement surgery)	[78]
1998	Germany	Anesthesiologist assistant	5	NA	Contaminated by another patient via an unprotected wound on hand	[79]
					Failure to use standard precautions (notably lack of gloving)
1998	Spain	Anesthesiologist	217 to 275 over a 10-yr period	NA	IDU	[80,81]
1999	United Kingdom	Gynecologist-obstetrician	8 over a 20-yr period	0.18%	EPPs	[82-84]
1999	United Kingdom	General surgeon	4	0.29%	NA	[84]
1999	United Kingdom	General surgeon	2	0.27%	NA	[85]
2000	Germany	Orthopedic surgeon	1	0.48%	EPPs	[86]
2000	Germany	Gynecologist-obstetrician	1 over a 7-yr period	0.04%	EPPs	[87]
					Failure to use standard precautions
2000	United States	Cardiothoracic surgeon	14 over a 10-yr period	1.49%	EPPs	[88]
2001	United Kingdom	Gynecologist-obstetrician	1	NA	EPPs	[89]
2001	Germany	Anesthesiologist	3	NA	Failure to use standard precautions (notably lack of gloving)	[90]
2003	Israel	Anesthesiologist	33	NA	IDU	[91]
2004	United States	Nurse anesthetist	15	NA	IDU	[92]
2005	United Kingdom	Gynecologist-obstetrician	1	NA	EPPs	[93]
2005	United Kingdom	Gynecologist-obstetrician	1	NA	EPPs	[93,94]
Not specified	United Kingdom	Anesthesiologist	1	NA	None	[95]

NA: Not available; IDU: Intravenous drug user; EPPs: Exposure-prone procedures; HCW: Health care worker.