Health care-associated hepatitis C virus infection

Table 1 Distribution of main risk factors and hepatitis C virus genotypes in different countries worldwide (inspired from[13-15])

Country	Prevalence rate of HCV infection	Risk factors (≥10%)		Most frequent (≥10%) genotype(s) (%)
		Three top (or less)	Level of confidence1
Egypt	14.90%	Parenteral injections with multiuse syringe for schistosomiasis	High	4 (93)
		Blood transfusion
		Needle reuse
Italy	5.20%	Parenteral injections with multiuse syringe for popular therapies	Intermediate	1 (62)
		Blood transfusion		2 (27)
		IDU
Pakistan	4.70%	Syringe/needle reuse	High	3 (68)
		Surgery/dental work		1 (12)
		Blood transfusion
Taiwan	4.40%	Medical injection	High	1 (48)
		Blood transfusion		2 (40)
		Acupuncture
Romania	3.50%	Dental work	Intermediate	1 (99)
		Surgery
		Blood transfusion
Thailand	2.80%	IDU	Intermediate	3 (53)
		Tattooing		1 (33)
		Blood transfusion
Spain	2.64%	Surgery/dental work	Intermediate	1 (65)
		Syringe reuse		3 (20)
		IDU
Vietnam	2%-2.9%	Blood transfusion	Low	1 (47)
		IDU		6 (47)
		Tattooing
Russia	2%-2.5%	Blood transfusion	Intermediate	1 (56)
		IDU		3 (35)
		Acupuncture/tattooing
Israel	1.96%	Blood transfusion	Intermediate	1 (70)
		IDU		3 (20)
Poland	1.90%	Blood transfusion	Low	1 (58)
		Healthcare-related occupational exposure		3 (31)
		IDU
Czech Republic	1.5%-2%	IDU	Intermediate	1 (79)
		Blood transfusion		3 (20)
		Surgery
Switzerland	1.25%-1.75%	IDU	High	1 (51)
		Healthcare-related occupational exposure		3 (30)
		Blood transfusion
Portugal	1.50%	IDU	Low	1 (52)
		Surgery		3 (34)
		Sexual contacts
China	1%-1.9%	Syringe/needle reuse	Low	1 (68)
		Blood transfusion		2 (14)
		Esophageal balloon		6 (13)
Greece	1%-1.9%	IDU	Intermediate	1 (47)
		Blood transfusion		3 (27)
				4 (15)
India	1%-1.9%	Blood transfusion	Intermediate	3 (62)
		Syringe/needle reuse		1 (31)
		Healthcare-related occupational exposure
Japan	1%-1.9%	Blood transfusion	Intermediate	1 (63)
		Syringe/needle reuse		2 (25)
		IDU
Saudi Arabia	1%-1.9%	Blood transfusion	Low	4 (74)
		Parenteral injections with multiuse syringe for schistosomiasis		1 (14)
		Tattooing
Syria	1%-1.9%	Blood transfusion	Intermediate	4 (59)
		Hemodialysis		1 (29)
		Tattooing		5 (10)
Brazil	1.40%	IDU and nasal drugs	Not available	1 (65)
		Syringe/needle reuse		3 (30)
		Healthcare-related occupational exposure
Australia	1.30%	IDU	High	3 (31)
				1 (14)
South Korea	1.30%	Blood transfusion	Intermediate	1 (50)
		History of endoscopy		2 (45)
		Tattooing
Canada	1.01%	IDU	Intermediate	1 (60)
		Blood transfusion		3 (22)
				2 (15)
Scotland	1.00%	IDU	High	1 (47)
		Blood transfusion		3 (47)
		Tattooing
Turkey	1.00%	Blood transfusion	Low	1 (97)
		Surgery
		Dental work
France	0.84%	IDU and nasal drugs	Intermediate	1 (57)
				3 (21)
Norway	0.70%	IDU	High	1 (61)
				3 (28)
				2 (11)
England/Wales	0.60%	IDU	High	1 (45)
				3 (40)
Hungary	0.60%	Surgery	Low	1 (97)
		Blood transfusion
		Tattooing
Sweden	0.59%	IDU	High	1 (45)
				3 (34)
				2 (19)
Germany	0.40%	IDU	High	1 (62)
		Blood transfusion		3 (28)

¹The level of confidence of the different risks was appreciated by the size of the sampled population with regard to that of the whole population of the country. Risk factors related to health care are italicized. HCV: Hepatitis C virus; IDU: Intravenous drug users.