Recent studies of 5-fluorouracil resistance in pancreatic cancer

Figure 1 Pancreatic cancer cell survival pathways in 5-fluorouracil resistance. DNA and/or RNA damage caused by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) leads to the activation of DNA repair systems or the apoptosis cascade. Several cell survival pathways, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, STAT3 dependent pathway, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway and Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway, are involved in 5-FU resistance in pancreatic cancer.