Dairy product consumption and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis

Table 2 Characteristics of published case-control studies on dairy product consumption and gastric cancer risk

Ref.	Region and design	Cases/controls	Type of item and consumption categories	Adjusted RR (95%CI)	Covariate adjustments
Correa et al[59], 1985	United States; case control (hospital based)	391/391	Dairy products Dairy products	Whites 1.06 (0.68-1.63) Blacks 0.85 (0.53-1.34)	Age, sex, respondent status, education, income, tobacco, and alcohol use
Wu-Williams et al[60], 1990	United States; case control (population based)	137/137	Milk ≤ 1/wk ≥ 2-4/wk ≥ 5/wk	1.0 0.8 (0.4-1.7) 1.0 (0.6-1.7)
Mettlin et al[24], 1990	United States; case control (hospital based)	115/1300	Whole Milk None < Daily Daily 2%Milk None < Daily Daily Skim Milk None < Daily Daily	1.0 2.9 (1.7-4.9) 3.9 (2.3-6.6) 1.0 0.5 (0.3-0.9) 0.4 (0.2-0.6) 1.0 1.0 (0.5-2.3) 0.5 (0.2-1.3)	Age, sex, smoking history, education, and country of residence
Boeing et al[61], 1991	Germany; case control (hospital based)	143/579	Milk Tertiles Dairy products Tertiles Cheese Tertiles	1.0 1.23 (0.77-1.97) 1.31 (0.82-2.10) 1.0 0.71 (0.45-1.12) 0.63 (0.39-1.03) 1.0 1.09 (0.67-1.75) 0.55 (0.30-0.98)	Milk and dairy products: adjust for age, sex, hospital Cheese: adjust for age, sex, hospital, raw vegetables, citrus fruit, processed meat, whole-meal bread
Boeing et al[62], 1991	Poland; case control (hospital based)	741/741	Cheese score Low Moderate High	1.0 0.92 (0.73-1.17) 0.92 (0.67-1.26)	Age, sex, education, occupation, residence
Yu et al[63], 1991	China, case control (population based)	84/2676	Milk Nonusers Users	1.0 0.9 (0.5-1.7)	Age, sex, family income, family history of stomach cancer, family history of other cancer, history of tuberculosis, blood type, cigarette smoking, alcohol, strong tea, fruit, and milk consumption
Hoshiyama et al[39], 1992	Japan; case control population based hospital based	294/294 294/202	Dairy products ≤ 1/wk 2-4/wk ≥ 5/wk Dairy products ≤ 1/wk 2-4/wk ≥ 5/wk	1.0 0.6 (0.4-1.0) 0.8 (0.6-1.2) 1.0 0.9 (0.5-1.6) 1.0 (0.7-1.6)	Age, sex, administrative division, and smoking status Age, sex, area, smoking status
Memik et al[64], 1992	Turkey; case control (population based)	252/609	Milk 0-200 mL/wk 200-600 mL/wk 600 mL/wk	1.0 0.91 (0.43-1.94) 5.33 (3.09-9.26)
Hansson et al[65], 1993	Sweden; case control (population based)	338/669	Whole milk (mL/wk) ≤ 199 > 199-2700 > 2700-4100 > 4100-6900 > 6900 Skimmed milk (mL/wk) 0 > 0	1.19 (0.68-2.05) 1.58 (0.97-2.59) 1.35 (0.83-2.20) 1.73 (1.02-2.94) 0.77 (0.53-1.12)	Age, gender, SES
			Soured milk (times/mo) ≤ 0.9 > 0.9-7	0.82 (0.54-1.24)
			> 7-11 > 11-19 > 19 Cheese (times/mo) ≤ 7 > 7-29 > 29-59 > 59	0.84 (0.55-1.26) 0.81 (0.51-1.30) 0.90 (0.58-1.42) 1.03 (0.64-1.65) 0.84 (0.53-1.31) 0.79 (0.48-1.32)
Inoue et al[66], 1994	Japan; case control (hospital based)	668/668	Milk < 3-4 times/wk ≥ 3-4 times/wk	1.0 (0.80-1.25)	Sex
Falcao et al[67], 1994	Portugal; case control (hospital based)	74/193	Milk ≤ 0.51/d	0.33 (0.11-0.99)
Cornée et al[68], 1995	France; case control (hospital based)	92/128	Total dairy products Tertiles Milk (all types) Tertiles Hard cheese Tertiles Soft cheese Tertiles Yoghurt Tertiles Butter and cream Tertiles	1.0 1.10 (0.53-2.30) 1.80 (0.89-3.66) 1.0 1.53 (0.73-3.19) 1.57(0.75-3.29) 1.0 1.09 (0.52-2.26) 1.48 (0.74-2.96) 1.0 0.64 (0.31-1.30) 0.92 (0.47-1.80) 1.0 0.86 (0.40-1.88) 0.75 (0.37-1.54) 1.0 1.31 (0.64-2.71) 1.44 (0.71-2.93)	Age, sex, occupation and total energy intake
Muñoz et al[4], 1997	Italy; case-control (hospital based)	88/103	Butter (score) Low Intermediate/high Margarine (score) Low Intermediate/high	1.0 1.88 (1.03-3.44) 1.0 2.42 (1.06-5.51)	Age, sex, area of residence, and education
Watabe et al[69], 1998	Japan; case control (population based)	242/484	Milk Daily Cheese ≥ 3/wk Butter ≥ 3/wk Yogurt Daily	0.6 (0.43-0.83) 0.83 (0.51-1.33) 1.57 (0.96-2.53) 0.66 (0.38-1.09)
Ward et al[70], 1999	Mexico; case control (population based)	220/752	Dairy products (times/wk) < 5 5-10 11-16 ≥ 17	1.0 2.1 (1.2-3.7) 2.3 (1.2-4.2) 2.7 (1.4-5.0)	Age, gender, total calories, chili pepper consumption, added salt, history of peptic ulcer, cigarette smoking, SES
Muñoz et al[71], 2001	Venezuela, case control (population based)	292/485	Dairy products Quartiles	1.0 1.58 (0.98-2.55) 2.08 (1.30-3.32) 2.43 (1.46-4.04)	Age, sex, tobacco, alcohol, total calories and SES
Kim et al[72], 2002	Korea; case control (hospital based)	136/136	Milk and milk products Low Medium High	1.00 0.75 (0.42-1.35) 0.68 (0.34-1.36)	Age, sex, SES, family history and refrigerator use
Chen et al[73], 2002	United States; case control (population based)	124/449	Dairy products (times/wk) Quartiles	0.79 (0.35-1.7) 1.40 (0.68-2.8) 0.76 (0.34-1.7)	Age, sex, energy, respondent type, body mass index, alcohol use, tobacco use, education, family history, vitamin supplement
			Milk (times/wk) Quartiles	0.72 (0.33-1.6) 1.7 (0.85-3.5) 0.86 (0.39-1.9)
Ito et al[74], 2002	Japan; case control (hospital based)	508/36490	Milk Almost never Occasionally 3-4 times/wk Everyday	1.0 0.98 (0.75-1.27) 1.09 (0.85-1.39) 0.85 (0.62-1.18)	Age, year, season of fist hospital visit, smoking habit, family history of gastric cancer
Lissowska et al[75], 2004	Poland; case control (population based)	274/463	Diary product (times/wk) < 18.9 18.9-25.8 25.9-32.9 > 32.9	1.0 0.96 (0.63-1.46) 0.87 (0.54-1.40) 0.94 (0.57-1.54)	Age, sex, education, smoking, and calories from food
De Stefani et al[76], 2004	Uruguay; case control (hospital based)	240/960	Dairy foods Tertiles Dairy foods Highest tertile vs Lowest tertile Dairy foods Highest tertile vs Lowest tertile	Total (women and men) 1.0 1.24 (0.85-1.80) 0.89 (0.59-1.33) Women 1.45 (0.64-3.29) Men 0.75 (0.46-1.20)	Total: adjust for age, sex, residence, urban/rural status, education, body mass index, and total energy intake Women or men: adjust for age, residence, urban/rural status, education, body mass index, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and total energy intake
Huang et al[77], 2004	Japan; case control (hospital based)	GCFH(+) 464/6 310 GCFH(-) 1524/44 396	Milk < 1/d ≥ 1/d Milk < 1/d ≥ 1/d	0.86 (0.70-1.05) 0.98 (0.88-1.09)	Age, sex
Fei et al[78], 2006	China; case control (hospital based)	189/567	Milk products High vs low	0.690 (0.524-0.907)
Lucenteforte et al[79], 2008	Italy; case control (hospital based)	230/547	Milk and yogurt (servings/wk) ≤ 0.5 > 0.5-4.5 > 4.5-7 > 7-9 > 9-24 Cheese (servings/wk) ≤ 1.8 > 1.8-3.0 > 3.0-3.8 > 3.8-5.1 > 5.1-10.7	1.0 0.77 (0.45-1.33) 0.81 (0.50-1.30) 0.88 (0.50-1.54) 1.06 (0.64-1.78) 1.0 1.38 (0.79-2.41) 1.43 (0.82-2.49) 1.22 (0.70-2.15) 1.63 (0.92-2.90)	Age, sex, education, year of interview, body mass index, tobacco smoking, family history of stomach cancer, and total energy intake
Chen et al[80], 2009	China; case control (hospital based)	41/205	Dairy products (times/wk) < 3 ≥ 3 Milk (/d) No Yes	1.00 0.72 (0.13-4.15) 1.00 1.02 (0.16-7.08)	Age and years of schooling
Pourfarzi et al[81], 2009	Iran; case control (population based)	217/394	Dairy products ≤ 2 times/wk 3-4/wk > 1/d Cheese ≤ 2 times/wk 3-4/wk > 1/d	1.00 3.77 (1.92-7.42) 2.28 (1.23-4.22) 1.00 1.00 (0.39-2.56) 1.16 (0.54-2.51)	Age, sex, education, family history of gastric cancer, citrus fruits, garlic, onion, red meat, fish, dairy products, strength and warmth of tea, preference for salt intake and H. pylori
Lazarevic et al[82], 2010	Serbia; case control (hospital based)	102/204	Milk Tertiles Dairy Tertiles	1.00 2.60 (0.86-7.87) 5.08 (1.59-10.16) 1.00 0.42 (0.20-1.23) 0.63 (0.33-1.72)	Age, sex, residence, education, meals regularity, tobacco smoking, and history of cancer in the first degree relatives
Icli et al[83], 2011	Turkey; case control (hospital based)	253/253	Milk Low Moderate High	1.0 1.4 (0.7-2.6)
			Yogurt Low Moderate High	1.0 0.8 (0.4-1.5) 1.0 (0.2-4.9)
Pakseresht et al[84], 2011	Iran; case control (population based)	286/304	Dairy Per 100 g	1.01 (0.90-1.13)	Age, sex, education, living area, smoking, gastric symptoms, income, owning refrigerator, duration of using refrigerator, seeds preparing method, frying H. pylori infection.

RR: Relative risk (rate ratio or hazard ratio); CI: Confidence interval; SES: Socio-economic status; PCC: Population-based case-control; HCC: Hospital-based case-control; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.