Dairy product consumption and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of published cohort studies on dairy product consumption and gastric cancer risk

Ref.	Region and design	No. of cases(outcome)	Sample size	Follow-up(yr)	Type of meat andconsumption categories	Adjusted RR(95%CI)	Covariate adjustments
Nomura et al[49], 1990	United States; cohort	150 (incidence)	7990 men	19	Milk (times/wk) ≤ 1 2-4 ≥ 5 Ice cream (times/wk) ≤ 1 2-4 ≥ 5 Butter, margarine, cheese (times/wk) ≤ 1 2-4 ≥ 5	1.0 1.5 (0.8-2.5) 1.2 (0.8-1.6) 1.0 0.9 (0.6-1.3) 1.1 (0.7-1.8) 1.0 1.1 (0.5-2.1) 1.4 (0.9-2.2)	Age
Kneller et al[50], 1991	United States; cohort	75 (mortality)	17633 men	20	Dairy Quartiles Milk (glasses/d) < 1 1 2-3 ≥ 4 Used before but not currently	1.00 1.2 (0.67-2.26) 1.1 (0.61-2.10) 1.2 (0.61-2.44) 1.00 1.4 (0.76-2.74) 0.9 (0.45-1.70) 2.4 (1.10-5.04) 1.2 (0.50-2.68)	Year of birth and current cigarette smoking
Galanis et al[51], 1998	United States; cohort	108 (44 women, 64 men) (incidence)	11907 (6297 women, 5610 men)	14.8	Milk (cups/d) 0 ≥ 1 Milk (cups/d) 0 ≥ 1 Milk (cups/d) 0 ≥ 1	Women 1.0 1.0 (0.5-1.8) Men 1.0 1.0 (0.6-1.7) Total (women and men) 1.0 1.0 (0.7-1.5)	Age, years of education, Japanese place of birth, gender. Among man also adjusted for cigarette smoking and alcohol intake status
Ngoan et al[52], 2002	Japan; cohort	116 (39 women, 77 men) (mortality)	13250 (7333 women, 5917 men)	10.5	Fresh milk ≤ 2-4 times/mo 2-4 times/wk ≥ 1 time/d Fresh milk ≤ 2-4 times/mo 2-4 times/wk ≥ 1 time/d Fresh milk ≤ 2-4 times/mo 2-4 times/wk ≥ 1 time/d Milk products ≤ 2-4 times/mo 2-4 times/wk ≥ 1 time/d Milk products ≤ 2-4 times/mo 2-4 times/wk ≥ 1 time/d Milk products ≤ 2-4 times/mo 2-4 times/wk ≥ 1 time/d Margarine ≤ 2-4 times/mo 2-4 times/wk ≥ 1 time/d Margarine ≤ 2-4 times/mo 2-4 times/wk ≥ 1 time/d	Women 0.9 (0.3-2.3) 1.3 (0.6-2.6) Men 1.3 (0.7-2.4) 0.9 (0.5-1.6) Total (women and men) 1.5 (0.8-3.0) 0.8 (0.4-1.6) Women 1.2 (0.3-5.6) 3.1 (0.8-11.6) Man 1.7 (0.8-3.6) 1.5 (0.5-4.2) Total (women and men) 1.3 (0.6-2.8) 1.4 (0.5-3.6) Women 0.6 (0.2-1.9) 0.9 (0.3-2.9) Man 1.1 (0.5-2.1) 1.1 (0.5-2.6)	Women or men: adjust for age Total: adjust for age, sex, smoking, processed meat, liver, cooking or salad oil, suimono and pickled food
					Margarine ≤ 2-4 times/mo 2-4 times/wk ≥ 1 time/d	Total (women and men) 0.8 (0.4-1.8) 0.7 (0.3-1.8)
Khan et al[53], 2004	Japan; cohort	51 (15 women and 36 men) (mortality)	3158 (1634 women, 1524 men )	14.8	Milk A B Milk A B Butter/margarine A B Butter/margarine A B Cheese A B Cheese A B	Women 1.0 (0.4-3.0) Men 1.1 (0.5-2.2) Women 0.6 (0.2-2.3) Men 1.7 (0.9-3.2) Women 1.2 (0.3-5.4) Men 1.2 (0.5-3.0)	Women: adjust for age, health status, health education, health screening and smoking Men: adjust for age, smoking
Tokui et al[54], 2005	Japan; cohort	859 (285 women, 574 men) (mortality)	110792 women and men	11	Milk None 1-2/mo 1-2/wk 3-4/wk ≥ 1/d Milk None 1-2/mo 1-2/wk 3-4/wk ≥ 1/d Yogurt None 1-2/mo 1-2/wk 3-4/wk ≥ 1/d Yogurt None 1-2/mo 1-2/wk 3-4/wk ≥ 1/d Cheese None 1-2 times/mo 1-2 times/wk 3-4 times/wk ≥ 1 times/d Cheese None 1-2/mo 1-2/wk 3-4/wk ≥ 1/d Butter None 1-2/mo 1-2/wk 3-4/wk ≥ 1/d Butter None 1-2/mo 1-2/wk 3-4/wk ≥ 1/d	Women 1.00 (Referent) 0.62 (0.33-1.18) 0.90 (0.58-1.38) 0.78 (0.50-1.21) 0.83 (0.60-1.13) Men 1.00 (Referent) 1.13 (0.79-1.63) 1.17 (0.87-1.58) 1.08 (0.79-1.48) 1.06 (0.84-1.35) Women 1.00 (Referent) 0.95 (0.63-1.43) 1.38 (0.93-2.05) 0.85 (0.44-1.63) 0.88 (0.47-1.64) Men 1.00 (Referent) 0.69 (0.49-0.98) 0.86 (0.58-1.28) 1.22(0.76-1.97) 0.82 (0.50-1.37) Women 1.00 (Referent) 1.31(0.92-1.85) 0.93 (0.57-1.52) 0.60 (0.24-1.46) 1.18 (0.52-2.69) Men 1.00 (Referent) 0.93 (0.72-1.20) 1.08 (0.80-1.48) 1.32 (0.86-2.04) 0.79 (0.39-1.61) Women 1.00 (Referent) 0.76 (0.50-1.17) 1.27 (0.85-1.90) 0.37 (0.14-1.01) 1.22 (0.65-2.26) Men 1.00 (Referent) 0.97 (0.75-1.27) 0.96 (0.70-1.33) 0.92 (0.57-1.47) 0.70 (0.38-1.29)	Age
					Margarine None 1-2/mo 1-2/wk 3-4/wk ≥ 1/d Margarine None 1-2/mo 1-2/wk 3-4/wk ≥ 1/d	Women 1.00 (Referent) 0.98 (0.64-1.50) 1.09 (0.74-1.59) 0.69 (0.39-1.22) 0.82 (0.50-1.33) Men 1.00 (Referent) 0.83 (0.61-1.12) 1.14 (0.87-1.49) 0.92 (0.62-1.36) 0.72 (0.48-1.10)
Van der Pols et al[55], 2007	United Kingdom, Scotland; cohort	770 (mortality)	4383 children	65	Total dairy Group 1 (low) Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 (high) Milk (cups/d) < 0.5 0.5-0.8 > 0.8 - < 1.2 ≥ 1.2	1.00 1.17 (0.39-3.47) 1.46 (0.44-4.89) 0.81 (0.09-7.34) 1.00 1.17 (0.41-3.34) 1.40(0.46-4.26) 0.79 (0.11-5.73)	Age, sex, energy, fruit, and calcium intakes
Pham et al[56], 2010	Japan; cohort	477 (157 women, 320 men) (mortality)	63403 (women 37 673, men 25 730)	-	Dairy products pattern (factor score) Quartiles Dairy products pattern (factor score) Quartiles	Women 1.00 0.96 (0.64-1.45) 0.74 (0.47-1.18) 0.77 (0.48-1.23) Men 1.00 0.82 (0.61-1.10) 0.74 (0.54-1.01) 0.72 (0.52-0.99)	Age, tobacco smoking status, history of gastric ulcer, stomach cancer screening, body mass index, educational level, and total energy intake
Buckland et al[57], 2010	European countries; cohort	449 (190 women, men 259) (incidence)	485044 (women 340467, men 144577)	8.9	Dairy products Tertiles Dairy products Tertiles Dairy products Tertiles	Women 1 (reference) 1.22 (0.84-1.77) 0.97 (0.65-1.45) Men 1 (reference) 0.86 (0.63-1.17) 0.98 (0.70-1.37) Total (women and men) 1 (reference) 1.01 (0.80-1.27) 0.97 (0.75-1.25)	Sex, body mass index, educational level, smoking status, cigarette smoking intensity, and total energy intake.
Ko et al[58], 2013	South Korea; cohort	166 (incidence)	9724 women and men	8.5	Dairy products Almost never 1-4 times/mo 1-4 times/wk ≥ 1 time/d Dairy products Low intake High intake Dairy products Low intake High intake	Total (women and men) 1.15 (0.78-1.70) 1.25 (0.82-1.92) 1.30 (0.83-2.06) Women 1.10 (0.91-1.33) Men 1.05 (0.92-1.19)	Total: adjust for age, sex, cigarette smoking, body mass index, alcohol drinking, and area of residence Women or men: adjust for age, cigarette smoking, body mass index, alcohol drinking, and area of residence

A: Reference group = took never + took several times per year + took several times per month; B: Comparison group = took several times per week + took every day. RR: Relative risk (rate ratio or hazard ratio); CI: Confidence interval.