Modulation of immunity and inflammatory gene expression in the gut, in inflammatory diseases of the gut and in the liver by probiotics

Table 2 Regulation of gene expression by probiotics in inflammatory diseases of the gut

Study	Probiotic strain	Genes involved
Inflammatory bowel disease
Disfrutti et al[71]	VSL#3	IL-10, TNFRSF1B
Ghadimi et al[72]	B. breve (DSMZ 20213) and L. rhamnosus GG	IL-17 and IL-23
Grimoud et al[73]	B. breve and L. lactis	TLR-4
Chen et al[74]	Saccharomyces boulardii	VEGF
Bassaganya-Riera et al[75]	VSL#3	TNF-α, COX-2, and PPAR-γ
Ulcerative colitis
Garrido-Mesa et al[76]	E. coli Nissle 1917	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL2, MIP-2, MCP-1, ICAM-1, MUC3, and ZO-1
Claes et al[77]	L. rhamnosus GG wild type and mutant	TLR-2
Miyauchi et al[78]	L. rhamnosus OLL2838	ZO-1
Mariman et al[79]	L. plantarum NCIMB8826 and VSL#3	Inflammation and immune genes
Amit-Romach et al[80]	L. rhamnosus GG and a mixture of probiotics	MUC2, IL-6, and TNF-α
Duary et al[81]	L. plantarum Lp91	IL-4, IL-6,COX-1, COX-2, and TNF-α
Grompone et al[82]	L. rhamnosus CNCM I-3690	DAF-16/insulin-like pathway
Furrie et al[83]	B. longum	Human beta defensins 2, 3, and 4, TNF-α, and IL-1α
Necrotizing enterocolitis
D'Souza et al[84]	S. boulardii	Caveolin-1 and NOS-isoforms
Lin et al[85]	L. rhamnosus GG	Genes with cytoprotective effects
Other inflammatory disorders
Gomi et al[86]	B. bifidum BF-1	MUC5
Mirpuri et al[87]	L. rhamnosus GG	IL-10, MIP-2, and TNF-α

COX1: Cyclooxygenase 1; COX2: Cyclooxygenase 2; ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IL: Interleukin; MCP-1: Monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1; MIP-2: Macrophage inflammatory protein-2 alpha; MUC: Mucins; NOS isoforms: Constitutional neuronal isoform (nNOS), the inducible isoform (iNOS), and the endothelial isoform (eNOS); PPAR-γ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TNFRSF1B: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1b; TOLLIP: Toll-interacting protein; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; VSL#3: Mixture of Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Streptococcus salivarius subsp, thermophilus; ZO: Zona occludens.