Hypoxia and fatty liver

Figure 1 Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factors under normal and low oxygen concentrations. Under normoxia conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIF-α) is hydroxylated at specific proline residues in an oxygen-dependent manner, ubiquitylated by von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein (pVHL), and, subsequently, degraded by the proteasome. Under hypoxia conditions, stabilized HIF-α translocates to the nucleus and binds aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) to activate its target genes. PHD: Prolyl hydroxylase domain; HRE: Hypoxia-response element.