Review of natural products with hepatoprotective effects

Table 3 Major compounds identified in propolis resin

Chemical groups	Compounds
Alcohols	Benzene methanol, cinnamyl alcohol, glycerol, α-glycerol phosphate, hydroquinone, isobutenol, phenethyl alcohol
Aldehydes	Benzaldehyde, caproic aldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, isovanillin, vanillin
Aliphatic acids and aliphatic esters	Acetic acid, angelic acid, butyric acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, isobutyric acid, methylbutyric acid, isobutyl acetate, isopentyl acetate
Amino acids	Alanine, β-alanine, α-aminobutyric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine
Aromatic acids	Benzoic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic, coumaric, acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, isoferulic acid, 4-methoxy cinnamic acid, salicylic acid, vanillic acid
Aromatic esters	Benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, benzyl caffeate, benzyl coumarate, benzyl ferulate, benzyl isoferulate, benzyl salicylate, butenyl caffeate, butyl caffeate, cinnamyl benzoate, cinnamyl caffeate, ethyl benzoate
Chalcones	Alpinetin chalcone, naringenin chalcone, pinobanksin chalcone, pinocembrin chalcone, sakuranetin chalcone
Flavanones	Naringenin, pinobanksin, pinobanksin-3-acetate, pinobanksin-3-butyrate, pinobanksin-3-hexanoate, pinobanksin-3-methyl ether, pinobanksin-3-pentanoate
Flavones and flavonols	Acacetin, apigenin, apigenin-7-methyl ether, galagin, galagin-3-methyl ether, izalpinin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, ramnetin, ramnocitrin
Waxy acids	Arachid acid, behenic acid, cerotic acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, lignoceric acid, montanic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid
Ketones	Acetophenone, dihydroxy-acetophenone, methylacetophenone
Terpenoids and other compounds	α-acetoxybetulenol, β-bisabolol, 1,8-cineole, α-copaene, cymene, limonene, styrene, xanthorreol, naphthalene, sesquiterpene alcohol, sesquiterpene diol
Steroids	Calinasterol acetate, b-dihydrofucosterol acetate, ucosterol acetate, stigmasterol acetate
Sugars	Fructofuranose, α-D-glucopyranose, β-D-glucopyranose