Radiofrequency ablation as treatment for pulmonary metastasis of colorectal cancer

Table 1 Summary of studies reporting outcomes of radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer

Ref.	Center	Year	n	Patient age (yr)	No. of tumors per patient	Tumor size (cm)	Follow-up period (mo)	Mortality and morbidity	Local efficacy	Survival	Prognostic factors
Steinke et al[18]	St. George Hospital	2003	20	62 (mean)	2.1	1.4 (mean)	14 (median)	Mortality: 0%, Overall PTX: 50%, PTX requiring chest tube placement: 25%, Self-limiting intrapulmonary hemorrhage: 7.5%	NA	NA	NA
Yan et al[26]	St. George Hospital	2007	55	62 (mean)	NA	2.1 (mean)	24 (median)	Mortality: 0%, Overall morbidity rate: 42%, PTX: 29%, Pleural effusion: 7%, PTX requiring chest tube placement: 16%, Self-limiting intrapulmonary hemorrhage: 9%	Proportion of local tumor progression: 38%	1-/2-/3-year OS rate: 85%/64%/46%, respectively, Median OS: 33 mo, 1-/2-year local PFS rate: 74%/56%, respectively, 1-/2-year overall PFS rate: 61%/34%, respectively, Median overall PFS: 15 mo	Tumor size and CEA level at 1 month after RFA for local PFS by multivariate analyses, Tumor size for overall PFS by multivariate analyses
Lencioni et al[15]	Multicenter in the United States, United kingdom, Italy, Germany, and Australia	2008	53	63 (mean)	2.2	1.4 (mean)	NA	Mortality: 0%	Proportion of local tumor progression: 9%	OS 1-/2-year: 89%/66%, Cancer-specific survival 1-/2-year: 91%/68%	NA
Hiraki et al[30]	Okayama University	2007	27	62 (mean)	1.8	1.5 (mean)	20 (median)	Mortality: 0%, Overall PTX: 49%, PTX requiring chest tube placement: 7.3%, Pleural effusion: 15%,	Primary and secondary proportion of local tumor progression: 31% and 20%, respectively1-/2-/3-year primary and secondary local control rate: 72% and 85%/56% and 62%/56% and 62%, respectively	1-/2-/3-year OS rate: 96%/54%/48%, respectively, Mean OS: 33 mo	Extrapulmonary metastasis for OS by univariate analyses
Yamakado et al[31]	Multicenter in Japan	2007	71	64 (mean)	2.2	2.4 (mean)	19 (mean)	Mortality: 0%, Overall PTX: 37%, PTX requiring chest tube placement: 20%, Pleural effusion: 14%, > 38  °C fever: 20%, Empyema requiring chest tube placement: 1.4%	Proportion of local tumor progression: 17%	1-/2-/3-year OS rate: 84%/62%/46%, respectively, Median OS: 31 mo	Extrapulmonary metastasis and tumor size for OS by multivariate analyses
Yamakado et al[32]	Mie University	2009	78	66 (mean)	2.5	2.0 (mean)	25 (mean)	Mortality: 0%, Overall PTX: 22%, PTX requiring chest tube placement: 13%, Pleural effusion requiring chest tube placement: 1.4%	Proportion of local tumor progression: 14%, 1-/3-/5-year local control rate: 90%/79%/79%	1-/3-/5-year OS rate: 84%/56%/35%, respectively, Median OS: 38 mo	Extrapulmonary metastasis and CEA level for OS by multivariate analyses
Petre et al[33]	Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center	2013	45	63 (mean)	1.5	0.4–3.5	18 (median)	Mortality: 0%, Overall PTX: 33%, PTX requiring chest tube placement: 19%, Overall pleural effusion: 5%, Pleural effusion requiring chest tube placement: 1.7%, Pneumonia: 1.7%	Primary and secondary proportion of local tumor progression: 13% and 7.2%, respectively	1-/2-/3-year OS rate: 95%/72%/50%, respectively, Median OS: 46 mo, 1-/2-/3-year primary and secondary local PFS rate: 92% and 95%/77% and 89%/77% and 89%, respectively	Number of pulmonary metastasis for OS by univariate analyses
Gillams et al[34]	University College London Medical School	2013	122	68 (median)	3.3	1.7 (mean)	NA	Mortality: 0%, Late procedure-related death: 0.4%, Major complication: 3.9%, PTX requiring chest tube placement: 15%, Pleural effusion requiring chest tube placement: 1.2%, Infection: 2.0%, Nerve injury: 0.8%	Proportion of local tumor progression: 19%	OS 3-year rate: 57%, Median OS: 41 mo	None

NA: Not available; PTX: Pneumothorax; OS: Overall survival; PFS: Progression-free survival; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation.