Robotic surgery for rectal cancer: Current immediate clinical and oncological outcomes

Table 2 Use of robotics in rectal cancer surgery - clinical outcomes

Ref.	Type of procedure	Number of patients	Mean operating time (min)	Estimated blood loss (mL)	Length of stay (d)	Conversion rate (%)	Overall complication rate	Anastomotic complications
Hellan et al[28]	RTME	39	285 (180-540)	200 (25-6000)	4	2.6	12.8%	12.1%
Choi et al[29]	RTME	13	260 (210-390)	NA	7	0	23%	7.7%
Choi et al[19]	RTME	50	304 (190-405)	NA	9.2 (5-24)	0	18%	8.3%
Ng et al[30]	RTME	8	192 (145-2500	NA	5 (4-30)	0	0%	0%
deSouza et al[31]	RTME	44	347 (155-510)	250 (50-1000)	5 (3-36)	4.5	4.5%	4.5%
Pigazzi et al[32]	RTME	143	297 (90-660)	283 (0-6000)	8.3 (2-33)	4.9	41.3%	10.5%
Baek et al[33]	RTME	64	270 (150-540)	200 (20-6000)	5 (2-33)	9.4	35.9%	7.7%
Zimmern et al[34]	RTME	58	350	250	6	1.7	24.1%	3.4%
Kang et al[20]	RTME	389	305.4 ± 111.5/ 339.3 ± 127.41	NA	8.7 ± 3.0/ 17.6 ± 13.31	0/11	19%	7%
Koh et al[35]	RTME	19	316 (232-444)	NA	6.4 (3-21)	0	14.3%	0%
Leong et al[21]	RTME	29	325 (235-435)	50 (50-1000)	9 (5-15)	0	10.3%	31%
Marecik et al[36]	RTME	5	343 (270-442)	230 (100-400)	5.8 (5-7)	0	20%	0%2
Alimoglu et al[24]	RTME	7	NA	NA	8.1 (5-10)	0	28.6%	0%2
Kang et al[37]	RTME	6	335 (267-452)	250 (150-400)	5 (4-7)	0	50%	0%2
Karahasanoglu et al[38]	RTME	22	270 (175-480)	50 (20-100)	4 (4-20)	0	13.3%	3.3%
	RPME	8
Park et al[39]	RTME	30	369 (306-410)	100 (75-200)	4 (3-6)	0	36.6%	4.2%
Du et al[40]	RTME	22	220 (152-286)	33 (10-70)	7.8 (7-13)	0	4.5%	0%
Pigazzi et al[41]	RTME	6	264 (192-318)	104	4.5 (3-11)	0	16.6%	0%
	LTME	6	258 (198-312)	150	3.6 (3-6)	0	16.6%	0%
Baik et al[18]	RTME	18	203 (149-315)	NA	7 (5-10)4	0	22.2%	0%
	LTME	18	196 (114-297)	NA	9 (6-12)4	11.1	5.5%	0%
Patriti et al[42]	RTME	29	202 ± 12	137 ± 156	11.9 (6-29)	04	30.6%	6.8%
	LTME	37	208 ± 7	127 ± 169	9.6 (5-37)	18.94	18.9%	2.7%
Baik et al[43]	RTME	56	178 (120-315)	NA	5 (5-10)4	04	5.4%4	1.7%
	LTME	57	179 (100-360)	NA	6 (4-16)4	10.54	19.3%4	7%
Bianchi et al[22]	RTME	25	240 (170-420)	NA	6.5 (4-15)	0	16%	4%
	LTME	25	237 (170-545)	NA	6 (4-20)	4	24%	8%
Popescu et al[44]	RTME	38	208 (180-300)4	1004	8.1 ± 4.5	5.2	15.7%	5.2%
	LTME	84	182 (140-220)4	1504	8.4 ± 3.5	10.5	15.3%	7.1%
Kim et al[23]	RTME	100	385.3 ± 102.64	NA	11.7 ± 6.7	2	20%	8.2%
	LTME	100	297.3 ± 83.74	NA	14.4 ± 10	3	27%	11.1%
Park et al[45]	RTME	41	231.9 ± 61.44	NA	9.9	0	19.3%	9.7%
	LTME	82	168.6 ± 49.34	NA	9.4	0	29.3%	7.3%
Park et al[46]	RTME	52	233 ± 52.4	NA	10 ± 19.2	0	10%	9.6%
	LTME	123	158 ± 49.2	NA	15 ± 12.2	0	15%	5.6%
Baek et al[47]	RTME	41	296 (150-520)	200 (20-2000)	6.5 (2-33)	7.3	22%	8.6%
	LTME	41	315 (174-584)	300 (17-1000)	6.6 (3-20)	22	26.8%	2.9%
Kwak et al[48]	RTME	59	270 (241-325)4	NA	NA	0	32.2%	13.5%
	LTME	59	228 (177-254)4	NA	NA	3.4	27.1%	10.1%
Kim et al[25]	RTME	100	188 ± 454	NA	7.1 ± 2.1	0	26%	2%
	OTME	100	103 ± 234	NA	6.9 ± 1.5	03	27%	4%
Park et al[49]	RTME	40	235.5 ± 57.54	45.7 ± 40	10.6 ± 4.2	0	15%	7.5%
	LTME	40	185.4 ± 72.84	59.2 ± 35.8	11.3 ± 3.6	0	12.5%	5%
Kang et al[26]	RTME	165	309.7 ± 115.24	133 ± 192.34	10.8 ± 5.54	0.6	20.6%	7.3%
	LTME	165	277.8 ± 81.94	140.1 ± 216.44	13.5 ± 9.24	1.8	27.9%	10.8%
	OTME	165	252.6 ± 88.14	275.4 ± 368.84	16 ± 8.64	03	24.8%	3.4%
D’Annibale et al[27]	RTME	50	270 (240-315)	NA	8 (7-11)	0	10%	10%
	LTME	50	280 (240-350)	NA	10 (8-14)	12	22%	14%

¹Non-complicated/complicated cases;

²Abdominoperineal resections only;

³Conventional (open) approach;

⁴The original publication as statistically significant (P < 0.05). RTME: Robotic total mesorectal excision; LTME: Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision; RPME: Robotic partial mesorectal excision; OTME: Open total mesorectal excision; NA: Not available.