Inflammatory bowel disease and thromboembolism

Table 4 Prothrombotic abnormalities of hemostasis and coagulation in inflammatory bowel disease patients

Category	Abnormality
Coagulation factors	↑ V, VIII, vWf, and fibrinogen
Products of thrombin generation	↑ F1 + 2, TAT
Products of fibrin formation	↑ fibrinopeptide A, D-Dimers
Vascular endothelium activation	↑ vWf, thrombomodulin
Acquired deficiencies and dysfunction of natural anticoagulants	↓ protein C, protein S, and AT
Defects in fibrinolytic system	↓ t-PA
	↑ PAI-1
Platelets	↑ number, activation and aggregation

vWf: von Willebrand; F1 + 2: Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2; TAT: Thrombin- antithrombin complex; t-PA: Tissue plasminogen activator; PAI-1: Plasminogen-activator inhibitor type-1.